Animal Physiology-1St

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Comparative Physiology

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Mechanisms for coping with environment, looking at similarities in all animals and also the exceptions to the rule.

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Environmental Physiology

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An animal's function in and in response to their natural environment in all stages of life.

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"evolutionary" physiology

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evolving into different types to deal w/ environment gene pools, common descent, common design

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plasticity in physiology?

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HIGH (less in anatomy)

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biome?

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large area of similar things

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homeostasis

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returning internal state of organism to steady state

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abiotic stress

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physical, chemical stress

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biotic stress

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direct or indirect effects of other organisms competition, habitat modification

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r-selected

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small, reproduce rapidly, early maturing, short lived, don't invest much in progeny, low infant survival, opportunists, large pop. swings, take care eggs, low envir. stability

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k-selected

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large, slow reproducing, long lived, reproduce in small numbers, invest a lot in offspring, progeny, relatively stable pop, high envir. stability, lots of co-relational interactions with other species

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a-selected

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very extreme envir., very high stress level, but low magnitude of fluctuation, low energy availability, reproductive rate low, long life span, late maturity, low level of biotic interaction

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phenotypic plasticity

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shorter term responses to imbalances

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acclimatization

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fairly rapid physiol or biochemical change occurs within the life of indiv. in natural envir.

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acclimation

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lot like acclimatization yet in lab

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acute responses

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short changes, physiological, study of homeostasis

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negative feedback

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maintain homeostasis

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example of positive feedback

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having a baby

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developmental adaptation

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due to different gene expression because of envir. condition

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scaling

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structure and function, consequences of change in size

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isometric scaling

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geometric similar objects, volume to surface area ratios, surface related to volume by power of .67, small bodies have larger surface area related to volume

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allowmetric scaling

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usually linked with body mass,

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biota (marine environments)

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phytomass: phytoplankton and seaweed, most animal phyla are present, except insects, cenitpedes, milipedes and spiders, either benthic or pelagic: out in ocean

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brackish environments

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fresh H2O and salt H2O, organism has to be able to live in both envir. at interface, highly productive zone, energy and food, cycling variations,

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littoral habitats

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tides-lunar period 24hr and 50 min low-high-low 12hr 25min

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waves

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mostly dues to wind, surface phenomenon, depend on shores

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freshwater

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very low salt, .1% of all H2O in lakes and rivers

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moving water

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lotic, permanent vs. temporary, riffles pools, pH, organics, temp change, turbulence, organisms: collectors, grazers, shredders, predators

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still water

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lentic or still, depth, climate and nutrients, littoral: along shore, pelagic: out in ocean, layering of H2O, oligotrophic: deep clear lakes, eutrophic: shallow and turban

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wetlands

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marshes, swamp, fen, bog, in descending order of O2 and pH

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biota organisms

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invertebrates dominate benthos, fish dominate the pelagic area, problems too much H2O, not enough salt, cold-freezing, warm: low O2

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interstitial fauna

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fluid in between soil particles

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cryptozoic fauna

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in soil and litter, burrows and high humidity, earthworms, woodlice centipedes, milipedes, and desert animals

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hygrophylic fauna

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damp habitats, nocturnal, crepuscular, snails, slugs, amphibians

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xerophilic fauna

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mesofilic, insects, arachnids, reptiles, birds and mammals

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mighty 10 in descending order

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insects, arachnids, myriapods, gastropoda, birds, reptiles, mammals, oligochaetes, amphibians, flatworms

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osmolarity

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how many particles are in the water

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Ficks Law

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dQ=-DA (dU/dx)dt

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hypersomotic
hyposomotic
isosomotic

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lots of particles
few
equal

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what type of shape do water molecules create?

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tetrahedron, (dipole effect, hydrogen bonding)

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what does weak bonding create?

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higher boiling and higher melting pts.

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electrochemical balance

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if solute cannot pass through membrane, but has a charge

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gated channels, ion channels

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not always open, 2 types are ligand-gated and voltage-gated
(K+ ions 100X more permeable than Na+) maintains resting potential of cell membrane

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mediated transport

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proteins called transporters- primary transport: use ATP right away, secondary transport: looks like ATP used but somewhere else

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endocytosis

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invagination of membrane, lipid pinnocytosis, solid phagocytosis, want something in

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exocytosis

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want something out