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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Long Bone (parts) |
1. Epiphysis |
|
Epiphysis |
-refers to either end of a long bone |
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Metaphysis |
-flare ends of the shaft (diaphysis) |
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Diaphysis |
-shaft of the long bone between the two ephysises |
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Articular |
-joint end of a long bone |
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Compact Bone |
-hard layer that forms almost the entire shaft of a long bone |
|
Cancellous (spongy) Bone |
-composed of spicules that forms a porous network (trabeculae) |
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What are the 3 kinds of bone cells? |
-osteoblasts |
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Osteoblast (bone producing cells) |
-involved in bone formation |
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Osteocytes |
-captured osteoblasts |
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Osteoclast (bone destroying cells) |
-located underneath endosteum |
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Periosteum |
-fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where cartilage is located |
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Endosteum |
-fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity |
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Long Bone (example + function) |
-femur |
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Short Bone |
-cuboidal shaped bones |
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Short Bone (example + function) |
-carpus/tarsus |
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Flat Bone |
-thin and expanded in two dimensions |
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Flat Bone (example + function) |
-parietal bone of skull, scapula, ribs, pelvis |
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Sesamoid Bone |
-bones that have a sesame seed shape |
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Sesamoid Bone (example + function) |
-patella |
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Pneumatic Bones |
-bones that have air spaces in them |
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Pneumatic Bones (example + function) |
-frontal bone |
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Irregular Bones (example + function) |
-vertebrae |
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
-large protein that sticks out from osteocytes |
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Lacunae (little lakes) |
-small cavities in the bone where osteocytes are found |
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Canaliculi |
-small capillaries that transmit tissue fluid that is essential for maintaining the life of osteocytes |
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Trabeculae |
-network of fingerlike bony spicules in cancellous bone |
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Osteonal Systems (Haversian) |
-consists of many laminated tubes |
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Osteon |
-consists of one central canal containing vessels, and nerves surrounded by circular plates of bone |
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What are the 3 types of ossification? |
1. Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) |
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Endochondral (intracartilaginous) Ossification |
-cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
-flat bone growth |
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Heteroplastic |
-formation of bone-like material outside of the skeletal system |
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Examples of Heteroplastic Ossification |
1. kidney stones |
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Bone formation hormones |
1. Growth hormone |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
-released when body is low in calcium |
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Calcitonin |
-reduces osteoclast activity |
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Osteomalacia |
-rickets in young animals |
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Osteoporosis |
-decrease in bone mass |
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Simple Fracture |
-skin over the fracture site it unbroken |
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Open Fracture |
-a wound from the exterior contacts the bone at the point of the fracture |
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Greenstick Fracture |
-when one side of the bone is broken or splintered and the other side only bent |
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Complete Fracture |
-bone is broken entirely across |
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Physeal Fracture |
-occurs at the junction of an epiphysis and diaphysis |
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Comminuted Fracture |
-bone is splintered or crushed producing small fragments |
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What are the kidneys 3 functions? |
1. excretory |
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Hilus |
-medial aspect of each kidney |
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Capsule |
-tough outer covering of the kidney |
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Cortex |
-tubular part of nephron |
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Medulla |
-tube part of nephron |
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Renal Pelvis |
-innermost part |
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Nephron |
-basic functional repeating unit of the kidney |
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What are the parts of a nephron? |
1. Bowman's capsule |
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What is the Bowman's Capsule's function? |
-filtration |
|
Bowman's Capsule |
-spherical structure |
|
Podocytes
|
-cells of the inner (visceral) layer of Bowman's Capsule |
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What three processes are involved in urine formation? |
1. glomerular filtration |
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Tubular reabsorption |
-removal of substances from the tubular fluid by the tubular cells |
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Tubular Secretion |
-the addition of substances to the tubular fluid |
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Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) |
-specialized cells that surround the afferent and efferent arteries |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus |
-consists of JG cells/macula densa |
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Macula Densa |
-specific region of the wall of the DCT where cellular nuclei appear to be bunched closely together |
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What 3 physical barriers does the filtrate pass through? |
1. the capillary endothelium of the glomerulus |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) |
-longest of the tubules |
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Loops of Henle |
-nephron segments found in the renal medulla |
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Ascending limbs of loops of Henle |
-relatively impermeable to water |
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Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
-continuation of the thick part of the ascending loop of Henle |
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Aldosterone |
-hormone that controls the salt coming out of urine |
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What are the 3 primary physiological effects of aldosterone? |
1. increase reabsorption of sodium |
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Adrenal Glands |
-consists of two parts: |
|
Zona glomerulosa |
-responds to angiotensin II and aldosterone -secretes mineralcorticoids |
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Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) |
-angiotensin activation |
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Pancreas |
-domestic animals have bilobed pancreas |
|
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
-makes hormones and secrete it into the blood |
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Glucagon |
-produced by alpha cells |
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Insulin |
-produced by beta cells |
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Thyroid Gland |
-sits in the base of neck, looks like a butterfly |
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Thyroglobulin |
-protein iodine complex found in the colloid |
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T3 + T4 |
-stored in the colloid as iodinated tyrosine residues that are part of thyroglobulin molecules |
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Aldosterone |
-steroid (mineral corticoid) |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/vasopressin) |
-polypeptide |
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Oxytocin |
-polypeptide |
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Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) |
-polypeptide (44 amino acids) |
|
Growth Hormone (GH/somatotropin) |
-polypeptide |
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IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor 1) |
-polypeptide (83 amino acids) |
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Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH) |
-polypeptide (39 amino acids) |
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Cortisol |
-steroid |
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Triiodothyronine (T3) |
-Amines (T3 = 3 iodines) |
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Thyroxine (T4) |
-Amines (T4 = 4 iodines) -increase metabolism -increase heat production -increase glucose uptake -increase protein synthesis -increase cholesterol synthesis |
|
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
-dimeric polypeptide |
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Thyrotopin releasing hormone (TRH) |
-polypeptide (3 amino acids) |
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Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) |
-polypeptide (41 amino acids) |