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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what two major organs are the neuroendocrine system made out of?
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1 hypothalamus
2 pituitary gland |
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what things do the hypothalamus control?
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plamsa electrolycte balance, reporduction, body temperature, pituitary gland
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what kind of tissue is the anterier pituitary mad eout of?
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epithilial
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posterior pituitary in the brain
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neural tissue
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the posterior pituitary extends
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from the hypothalamus
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posterior pituitary in gland derived from
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not the same as neural tissue
derived from malth-ectoderm/buccal ectoderm |
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posterior pituitary in the brain
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derived from neural tissue
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what is secreted in capillary bed beneath the hypothalamus
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neurons that secrete neurohormone
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drescribe path of neurohormone
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travel down portal vein, diffuse out of capillaries, bind to receptors on the anterior pituitary cells
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2 major structure of the neuroendocrine system
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1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland |
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hypothalamus controls
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1. body temp, respiration
2. pituitary gland |
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pituitary gland hangs_
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below the base of the brain
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what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary made of?
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epithileal, non-neural tissue
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what kind of tissue is the posterior of the brain made of?
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neural tissue
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what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
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melatonin
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post pit. it is actually derived from __
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malthectoderm/bucoectoderm
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posterior pituitary in the brain is from __
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neural ectoderm
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the portal vein in the anterior pit. connects__
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2 capillary beds
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posterior pit. is basically made from __
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axon and axon terminals
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where to the axon terminals empty?
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the blood vessels
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two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus but released in the post. pit.
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oxytosin and arginine vasopression (hormone ADH)
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NEUROSECRETARY NEURONS__
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secrete neurohormones into the bloodstream
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neurohemal organs
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an organ with axon terminals of neurosecretary hormones
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"hemal"
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blood
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examples of neurohemal organs
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adrenal gland (release hormone right int he bloodstream)
medulla, post pit |
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medulla secretes
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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what controls the pituitary hormones?
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neurons in the hypothalamus secrete them and them they travel down the portal vein and tot he anterior pit.
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What type of hormones do anterior pituitary secrete?
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polypeptide hormones
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what do polypeptide hormones/trophic hormones do?
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stimulate peripheral endocrine glands
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thyroid grows when
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TSH acts upon it
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another name for ant. pit.
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adenohypophysis
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artistotle thought
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ant. pit. secrete phlegm and pituita into the nasal passages
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master gland
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refers to the ant. pit. but w enow know that the hypothalamus controls it
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master controller
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hypothalamus
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ant. pit hormone: simple polypeptide
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growth hormone, prolactin
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ant. pit. hormone: multisubuit proteins
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luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating homrone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormonr (TSH)
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ant. pit. hormone: small peptides
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adrenocorticotripic hormone (ACTH) alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha MSH)
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why are growth hormone and prolactin in the same group
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be they have similar structures and it is assumed that they derived from a gene duplication half a billion years ago
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LH, FSH, TSH
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these are all in the same group bc an alpha and beta protein must combine in order to form the active protein unit
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acth, alpha-MSH
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39 and 13 amino acids long. they come from the same prohormone before being chopped up
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GH activates bone and muscle was an intermediary is required_
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insulin like growth factor
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GH does act directly on _
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fat in glycolysis
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prolactin acts on the __
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mammary gland to promote milk synthesis
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acth activates__
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adrenal cortex that produces steroid hormones like cortisol
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alpha MSH
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skin darkening response, targetted by drugs to help reduce obesity. controls appetite
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ADH
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ACTS ON KIDNEY TO REDUCE WATER LOSs
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size of growth hormone and prolactin
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150-200 amino acids
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another name for GH
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somatotrophin
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another name for PRL
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lactotrophin
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molecular struc of GH AND PRL
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they have disulfide bonds. GH has 2 and PRL has 3
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what does GH do specifically?
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induced protein, bone, and cartilage synthesis. also fat lypolysis
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gigantism
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increased GH early in life
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acromegaly
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incre GH later in life
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hyposecretion
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short stature or dwarfism
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receptor insensitivity
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dwarfism
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what is acromegaly caused by?
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pit. tumor that makes too much growth hormone. excess body growth, esp facial muscles and tissues
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somatomedins
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insulin-like growth factors mediate GH actions
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struct of somatomedins
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similar to prohormone, but they dont cleave the c-domain
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purpose of GHRH and GHIH 9relase and inhibit)
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control the release of GH
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major site of action of growth hormone
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liver
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after liver gats GH, liver secrets
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igf (INSULIN GROWTH FACTORS)
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ultimate purpose of GH and IGF
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somatic growth
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where can IGF be produced?
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everywhere!
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what are the two hormone pathways that IGH can take?
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paracrine and autocrine
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GH can act directly on
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adipose tissue to break down fats for glycolysis
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prolactin
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names for its actions on lactation. stimulates milk symthesis
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prolactin plays important role in
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promoting maternal behavior through effects on brain
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prolactin found in
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all vertabrates, even those without mammary glands
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alveolus of mammary gland
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milk sac
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in alveolus of mammary gland, oxytosin acts on
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myoepithelial cells
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purpose of oxytosin
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acts on myoepithelian cells, cause them to contract and squeeze milk out = milk ejection
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purpose of prolactin
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milk production and secretion into the lumen
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imprinting is supported by
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oxytosin
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pxytosin is high at the time or
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birth bc it causes labor
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pxytosin is to recgonize offspring, prolactin is to
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act motherly to the offspring
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prolactin probably arrose from a
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gene duplication event over 500 million years ago
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fish have two forms of prolactice. the purpose is
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osmoregulation, slat water balance (primitive role) not just lactation
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what hormone probably has the most functions than for any other hormone that we know?
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prolactin
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for all mmulti-subnit proteins/pituitary glycoprotein hormones
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they have the same alpha subunit
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beta subunit of glycoprotain hormone determine
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whatkind of receptor can bind to it
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pituitary glycoprotein hormone have carbohydrates/sugars attached
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branching and bio activity are different as well
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glycosylation refers to the
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sugar/carbodrates attached to the subunits
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ultimately, LH and FSH contro
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reproduction
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specifically, TH controls
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metabolism = secretion of thyroxine by the thryoid gland (T4)
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congential hypothyroidism
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insufficent thyroid hormone during during fetal and neuonatal development
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cretinism
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condition of severe mental retardation and growth defects
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direct correlation between congenital hypothyroidism and
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low IQ
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what is POMC?
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a prohormone that is processed into mulitple biologicaly active peptides
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what can pro-opiomelanocortin break into?
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ACTH, alpha MSH, CLIP, and Beta-lipotropin
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how many aa is ACTH
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39
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where is ACTH cleaves?
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corticotrop cells, have enzymes that cleave POMC into hormones
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what kind of cells make alpha-MSH and CLIP?
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melanotrophs
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alpha MSH and CLIP are cleave from
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ACTH
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ACTH function
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regulates the secretion of corticosteriods by the adrenal cortex. it is part of the stress resonse system
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what does ACTH actually do?
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incre plasm cortisol
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when melanin is concentrated around the nucleus, the skin appears
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light
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when melanin disperses intot he cytoplasm ,t he skin appears
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dark
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in the alphaMSh binds to melanocortin receptors in hypothalamic feeding control centers and
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potently inhibits appetite
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what is background adaption and who does it?
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when the organism matches its background, happends when pigment/melanin disperses, happens most in fish then reptiles
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humans have about _ diff receptors for alpha MSH
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5. especially in the brain in hypothalamus to inhibit appetite
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hypophysiotropins
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neurohormones that control anterior pit. secretion
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most hypophysiotropins are ___ sized peptides (neuropeptides)
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small-to-medium
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most hypothalamic peptides are also made and found in the
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skin and GI tract
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another name for the pituitary
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the hypothesis
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hypothesial hormones
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hormones made byt he hypothesis (pit. gland)
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Skin also produces (for stress response)
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acthm, msh, ctrh, cortisal
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what is the purpose of dopamine (a catecholamine)?
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inhibit prolactin
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purpose of GHRH?
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stimulate production of GH
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purpose of GHIH?
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inhibit productions of
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most neurohormones function both as a
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hypophysiotropins and as a neurotransmitter
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what are the hormones hypophysiotropin responsibities?
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HPA axis (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal)
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what are the neurotrnasmitter responsibilities of neuorhormones?
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locomotion, control of appetites, behavioral responses to stress, anxiety and depression
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how does CRH act as a nuerotransmitter?
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run during stress, supress appetite
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dual hypothalamic control
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hypothalamus secretes hormones that may have stimulatory or inihibitory effects of pit.
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name for releasing hormones
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liberins
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name for inhibiting hormones
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statins
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example of stimulus-secretion coupling
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neurohormone or hypophysiotropins
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three points of regulation of anterior pituitary secretion
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1. stimulus-secretion coupling
2. hormone biosynthesis 3. hormone transport in the blood all examples of (-) feedback |
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prolactin biosythesis is controlled by
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estrogen (increases prolactin)
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direct feedback loop
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endo -> bloodstream ->target organ
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first-order feedback loop
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sense organ -> integrating center -> target organ
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second order feedback loop
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sense organ -> int. center ->endo -> bloodstream ->target organ
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third order feedback loop
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sense organ -> int center -> endo -> bloodstream -> end -> bloodstream ->target organ
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example of biosythesis
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estrogen promotes production of prolactin
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example of direct feedback loop
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pancreas releasing glucagon and insulin
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example of first order feedbackloop
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release of oxytosin from post. pit. and hypothalamus into the bloodstream and to target cells on breasts
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example of second order loop
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prolactin releasing hromone from hypo. acts on ant. pit to release prolactin that acts on target cells
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example of third order loop
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hypo. -> TRH -> ant. pit. -> TSH -> thyroid -> T3, T4 -> (-) to hypothalamus
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two hormones of the post. pit
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oxytosin and avp (argenine vasopressin)
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what are the sizes of post. pit hormones?
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nonapeptides 9aa long
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why is the hormonr called ADH? (antidiuretic hormone)
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because it prevents water loss by causing the insertion of aquaporins in the kidney
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purpose of oxytosin
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stim. smooth muscle contractrion in aveolus of mammary and contraction. infant maternal imprinting, and orgasm
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