Animal Phys Lecture 4 Energy Flow

Front 1

What are the three major functions that animals use their absorbed chemical energy for?

Back 1

1. biosythesis
2. maintenance
3. generation of external work

Front 2

Energy transfers are always ___

Back 2

inefficient

Front 3

Whenever high grade energy is transformed to another, some energy is converted into ___

Back 3

heat

Front 4

What is the bi-product of high grade, chemical bond energy?

Back 4

heat

Front 5

metabolism

Back 5

the sum of the body's total biochemical reactions

Front 6

anabolism

Back 6

synthesis of organic molecules storage of energy

Front 7

catabolism

Back 7

the breakdown of organic molecules into simpler compounds to release the energy stored in chemical bonds

Front 8

definition of metabolic rate

Back 8

rate of energy consumption: the rate at which chemical energy is converted to heat and external work

Front 9

energy is measured in

Back 9

joules or calories

Front 10

metabolic rates are expressed in

Back 10

calories per unit time or watts

Front 11

3 importances of metabolic rate

Back 11

1. food
2. activitiy
3. ecological drain

Front 12

how is metabolic rate measure?

Back 12

direct and indirect calorimetry

Front 13

what is indirect calorimetry?

Back 13

1. respiratory exchange (oxygen consumption)
2. material-balance method (measuring chemical energy content of matter that enters and leaves the body)

Front 14

what is the most common way to measure metabolic rate?

Back 14

respiratory exchange/oxygen consumption

Front 15

Break down of glucose:

Back 15

1 glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water +
energy 686 kcal

Front 16

basal metabolic rate

Back 16

used to measure metabolic rate of endotherms

Front 17

basal metabolic rate is used to measure endotherms when they are:

Back 17

1. in its thermoneutral zone
2. fasting
3. resting

Front 18

standard metabolic rate is used to measure:

Back 18

ectotherms while they are
1. fasting
2. resting

Front 19

standard metabolic rate is specific to

Back 19

body temperature

Front 20

metabolic rate scales like

Back 20

.75

Front 21

large animals have ___ mass-specific metabolic rates than smaller animals

Back 21

lower

Front 22

transport work

Back 22

the work of transporting materials through membranes

Front 23

mechanical work

Back 23

general work or movement, the beating of cilia, the movement of chromosomes, and the contraction of muscles

Front 24

chemical work

Back 24

anabolic and catabolic reactions

Front 25

energy is stored in

Back 25

chemical bonds

Front 26

energy is released when

Back 26

the bonds are broken

Front 27

three main energy carriers

Back 27

NADH, NAD+, and ATP

Front 28

NADH

Back 28

the reduced form stores energu

Front 29

NAD+

Back 29

the oxidized form releases energy

Front 30

ATP

Back 30

the most versatile energy carrier

Front 31

why is atp such a suitable energy carrier?

Back 31

1. bc of its structure
2. bc of it can be recycled

Front 32

what are 4 energy storage molecules

Back 32

1. glucose/carbohydrates
2. fats - fatty acids and triglycerides
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Front 33

glucose is stored in the cell as

Back 33

glycogen

Front 34

4 main points about glucose:

Back 34

1. central to energy *metabolism
2. is *derived from diet, from glycogen, or can be synthesized from the cell (gluconeogenesis)
3. precursor to form most *carbohydrates
4. *cells require glucose

Front 35

energy is used when it is in the form of

Back 35

ATP

Front 36

energy is stored when it is in the form of

Back 36

complex molecules, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Front 37

lipids posses how many more times of energy than carbohydrates?

Back 37

10

Front 38

what are the 3 kinds of lipids

Back 38

1. fatty acids]
2. triglycerides
3. phospholipids

Front 39

order of preferance of fuel

Back 39

1. carbohydrates: glucose and glycogen
2. lipids
3. proteins

Front 40

cellular respiration is

Back 40

the biochemical process of energy production

Front 41

glycolysis con

Back 41

low energy yield, only yields 2 moles of ATP per 1 mole of glucose

Front 42

glycolysis pros

Back 42

1. rate of atp production is fast
glycolysis is preferred when immediate energy is needed
2. does not require oxygen - glycolysis can proceed under anerobic conditions

Front 43

4 main steps to oxidative metabolism

Back 43

1. acetyle coa
2. tricarboxylic acid cycle (krebs cycle)
3. electron transport system (ets)
4. oxidative phosphorylation

Front 44

TCA cycle

Back 44

acetyl coa -> co2 and reducing equivalent NADH and FADH2 and GTP

Front 45

ETS

Back 45

reducing equivalents are oxidized to release energy and generate a proton gradient

Front 46

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 46

atp synthesis

Front 47

what are the products of oxydative phophorylation?

Back 47

1. oxygen gradient
2. heat
3. reactive oxygen

Front 48

chemiosmosis

Back 48

the coupling of electron transport chain to atp synthesis

Front 49

atp synthase

Back 49

only place where H+ diffuses back into the mitochondrial matrix
input of H+ cause the cylindrical rotor to move and causes change in catalytic region which causes adp and inorganic phosphate to make atp

Front 50

summarize glycolysis

Back 50

glucose to pyruvate, its anerobic

Front 51

glycolysis sum exchange

Back 51

1 mole glucose = 2 mole pyruvate, 2 moles atp

Front 52

con of glycolysis

Back 52

low energy yield

Front 53

pros of glycolysis

Back 53

1. fast
2. absence of oxygen

Front 54

what happens with metabolism in the absence of oxygn

Back 54

glycolysis becomes the main source of energy. lactic acid and causes muscle fatigue

Front 55

what is actually happening in TCA cycle

Back 55

acetyl coa -> c02 FADH and NADH and gtp

Front 56

purpose of the electron transport chain

Back 56

the reducing agents become oxidized and a protein gradient is formed

Front 57

what does complex 5 of the electron transport chain do?

Back 57

carried the chemiosmotic pump run by protons going through and formation of atp

Front 58

chemiosmosis

Back 58

the coupling of the electron transport chain to the atp synthesis

Front 59

what about atp structure makes it a good energy carrier?

Back 59

1. high energy phosphate bonds
2. negative charge makes them unstable
3. instability make them easy to release energy
4. energy is released when atp is hydrolized into adp

Front 60

what two tissue store the most glycoge?

Back 60

liver and muscle

Front 61

which tissue is capable of releasing glycogen directly intot he blood stream?

Back 61

liver

Front 62

what does muscle need in order to release glycogen into the blood?

Back 62

glycogen-6-phosphatase converts glycogen back into glucose first

Front 63

what is the main lipid storage form of energy?

Back 63

triglycerides

Front 64

phospholipids are broken down by

Back 64

phospolipases

Front 65

tryglycerides are broken down by

Back 65

lipases

Front 66

tryglycerides are stored in

Back 66

adipose tissue

Front 67

intermedietary metabolism

Back 67

generate fuel (glucose, amino acids) for cellular respiration (energy metabolism)

Front 68

3 things about glycolysis

Back 68

1. first step in catabolism
2. occurs in cell cytoplasm
3. occurs in the absence of oxygen

Front 69

glycolysis: 1 glucose yields

Back 69

2 pyruvate + 2 atp

Front 70

TCA cycle: 2 mole pyruvate yields

Back 70

36 mole atp

Front 71

in anerobic conditions, what pyruvate used for?

Back 71

yeast and bacteria ferment to get ethanol

Front 72

where does ets occur?

Back 72

within inter mitochondrial membrane

Front 73

oxidation reaction:

Back 73

4e-+4H+ + o2 = 2H2o

Front 74

what makes glucagon hormone?

Back 74

adrenal gland

Front 75

how does thyroid hormone influence thermogenesis?

Back 75

thryoid hormone can trigger the release of UCP3 and this increases energy expenditure by reducing metabolic activity

Front 76

role of hormone in intermediary metabolism

Back 76

glycogen synthesis, breakdown, and glucose synthesis (glucogenesis)

Front 77

insulin

Back 77

incr glycogensis + glucose utilization

Front 78

glucagon + epinephrine =

Back 78

inc glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogne polymer into monomer)

Front 79

what hormones can stimulate the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?

Back 79

glucagon and cortisol

Front 80

what is the phosphocreatine shuttle?

Back 80

the way atp is stored in the muscle. atp is stored in the form of phosphocreatine and the conversion is done with the enzyme CPK

Front 81

phophoscreatine = (atp)

Back 81

5-10 times of atp

Front 82

after exercise has stopped, extra oxygen is required to

Back 82

metabolize lactic acid and replenish atp, phosphocreatine and glycogen