Animal Phys Lecture 3

Front 1

osmoregulation involves what two organs?

Back 1

intestine and kidney

Front 2

make characteristic of a plasma membrane

Back 2

they are semipermeable

Front 3

what molecules can readily go through a plasma membrane?

Back 3

steroids, hormones, estrogen, testosterone, lipid

Front 4

is energy needed for facilitated diffusion?

Back 4

no

Front 5

three main proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion

Back 5

ion channels, porins, and permeases

Front 6

ion channels

Back 6

pores where specific ions may pass

Front 7

ligand-gated channels

Back 7

open when specific regulatory molecules are present

Front 8

example of ligand-gated channel

Back 8

when IP3 is present, Ca+ is released

Front 9

voltage gated channels

Back 9

opened or closed in response to membrane potential

Front 10

mechanogated channels

Back 10

regulated through interactions with the subcellular proteins that make up the cytoskeleton

Front 11

porins

Back 11

work like ion channels but allow for much larger molecules to pass through. i.e. mitochondria have porins that can transfer ions from cytoplasm to mitochondria

Front 12

aquaporins

Back 12

transport large amounts of water through the plasma membrane. up to 3 billion water molecules per second. cn possibly transfer glycerol, urea, and gases

Front 13

permease (also faciliated diffusion)

Back 13

works like an enzyme to changed the conformation of a molecule and make it capable of transferring to the other side

Front 14

unique quality about permease

Back 14

they can become saturated with substrate at high concentration and it effects the rate at which the transport occurs.

Front 15

primary active transport

Back 15

exergonic reaction is used to get molecule across the membrane. most common is te hydrolysis of ATP

Front 16

secondary active transport

Back 16

couples the movement of one molecule to the movement of another molecule. the energy in electrochemical gradient in one molecule provides the energy to drive another molecule against its gradient

Front 17

antiport/exchanger

Back 17

secondary active transport where the molecules are moving in opposite directions

Front 18

symport, cotransporter

Back 18

secondary active transport where the molecules are moving in same directions

Front 19

most animal cells, resting potential is

Back 19

-5 mV to -100 mV. voltage it relative to the voltage outside of the cell. (-) means that interior is more (-) than the exterior of the cell

Front 20

how do you create membrane potential?

Back 20

insert K+ channels in to the plasma membrane, K+ will move out of the cell creating electronegativity.

Front 21

4 main roles of the plasma membrane

Back 21

1. maintain inter/intra cellular composition. traffic
2. forms a protein composition
3. detects chemical messengers
4. connects adjecent cells together, desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

Front 22

gap junctions allow

Back 22

mainly a passage for ions. creates an aqueous pore between two cells. hydrophillic chemical messengers flow through the junction

Front 23

desmosomes

Back 23

in charge or cell adherence to protain filaments

Front 24

tight junction

Back 24

two cells next to each other to the point where liquid cannot get through

Front 25

rate if diffusion is greatest when

Back 25

surface area and concentration are greatest

Front 26

what is fick's law?`

Back 26

law for rate of diffusion = concentration x SA/distance

Front 27

flux

Back 27

flow per unit area per time

Front 28

multi-directional but

Back 28

greater rate going towards low concentration

Front 29

net flux

Back 29

difference between the two one way fluxes

Front 30

0 net flux =

Back 30

equilibrium

Front 31

factors that effect flux

Back 31

molecule concentration, temperature (affects membrane fluidity and permeability), and permeability (membrane and fluid)

Front 32

order of molecule permeability, most permeable to lease

Back 32

1. small, uncharged nonpolar molecule (gases)
2. small, uncharged polar molecule (h2o, urea)
3. large, uncharged polar molecule (glucose, sucrose)
4. ion (Ca2+)

Front 33

osmosis

Back 33

only thing that determines flow of water is total solute concentration, doesnt matter what type of molecule

Front 34

1 osmole

Back 34

measure number of solutes in moles

Front 35

1 osmolar

Back 35

measure of number of solutes in moles, per liter

Front 36

osmolarity of humans

Back 36

300 Osm

Front 37

osmotic pressure

Back 37

the pressure needed to oppose the flow

Front 38

tonicity

Back 38

effect on cell tone/volume. depdns on non-penetrating only

Front 39

what kind of transport means does glucose use?

Back 39

channel

Front 40

diuresis

Back 40

loss of water

Front 41

antidiuesis

Back 41

phys response that helps you retain water

Front 42

ion channels

Back 42

some are specific, some are not. ligand, voltage, mechnically gated activate

Front 43

voltage gated

Back 43

channel is open when potential is reached and resting potential begins again

Front 44

mechnical

Back 44

pressure sensitive, stretch

Front 45

example of ligand gated

Back 45

acetylcholine reg. Na+ into muscle cell

Front 46

another name for permease

Back 46

hexose transporter

Front 47

allosteric protein

Back 47

changes when something binds to it

Front 48

how does active primary work?

Back 48

molecule, signal carrier protein, atp is hydrolized, phosphate changes conformation of the carrier protain for that the ca or othe rmolecule can pas through

Front 49

na/k pump

Back 49

na signal phosphorylation, carrier protain changes conformation, na empties, k enters, triggers release of the phospate group, carrier protein changes back formation, k is released inside of cell

Front 50

cotransport

Back 50

na and molecule both move in same direction

Front 51

countertransport/antoport

Back 51

na nad molecule move in opp directions

Front 52

exocytosis

Back 52

fusion of the membrane bound vesicle that combines with the plasma membrane

Front 53

endocytosis

Back 53

uptake of extracellular fluid

Front 54

absorption

Back 54

gi tract, transport of nutrients across intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream

Front 55

resorption

Back 55

kidney, transport of out of the urinary system back into the bloodstream

Front 56

apical surface =

Back 56

lumen of the gut

Front 57

basolateral surface =

Back 57

bloodstream

Front 58

transepithelial movement of sodium

Back 58

diffusion from lumen to epithelial cell, active transport from ep. cell into the bloodstream. water follows also, even through tight junction

Front 59

transepithelial movement of glucose

Back 59

symport of glucose and sodium. glu2 is the permease (facilitated diffusion) that transports glucose form the ep. cell into the bloodstream. sodium enter bloodstream from primary active transport

Front 60

charge of cell inside vs. outside

Back 60

negative inside and positive outside

Front 61

ions in cell

Back 61

K+ high, Na+ and Cl- low

Front 62

ions out cell

Back 62

Na+ and Cl- high, K+ low

Front 63

resting potential is generated by

Back 63

K+ moving down its concentration gradient

Front 64

K+ in cell

Back 64

at rest, K+ permeability is waayyyy higher than Na+ which allows for the next potential difference to be created

Front 65

composition of ions inside vs. outside cell

Back 65

100 mM KCl, 10 mM NaCl
100 mM NaCl, 10 mM KCl

Front 66

resting membrane potential

Back 66

created by K moving down its concentration gradient also the outward concentration gradient equals the inward electrical gradient

Front 67

difference is cell electrical potential is created by

Back 67

Na+/K+ ATPase

Front 68

separation of charges across membrane, two requirements

Back 68

1. requires expediture of ATP
2. have potential to to WORK

Front 69

depolarization

Back 69

inside of cell becomes way too (+) i.e. na enter the cell

Front 70

hyperpolarization

Back 70

cells become too (-) in the inside. i.e. if K+ leave the cell