Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How do we measure energy consumption?
|
We measure the amount of O2 removed from the air of the amount of CO2 added
|
|
|
What's the chemical equation for respiration?
|
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 29ADP 29Pi ->
6CO2 + 6H2O + 29 ATP Glucose + Oxygen + ADP + phosphate groups -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP |
|
|
What are the 2 methods to measure O2 or CO2?
|
continuous flow vs stop flow
|
|
|
How does one use continuous flow to measure O2?
|
flow rate x (%O2 in fresh air - %O2 in sample) = L O2 per min = O2 consumption rate = Vdot O2
|
|
|
How does one use stop flow to measure O2?
|
volume injected x (%O2 in fresh air - %O2 in sample)/duration = O2 consumption rate = VdotO2
|
|
|
How do different fuels compare in O2 yield?
|
Carbs, Lipids, and Protein all produce approximately 20J/mL of O2
|
|
|
Whats a Joule?
|
1 calorie = 4.18 joules.
1 calorie = energy to heat 1mL H2O by 1 degree celcius we usually use kJ |
|
|
What is the amount of kJ released per L of O2?
|
20kJ/L O2
|
|
|
What factors have large effects on metabolic rate?
|
physical activity level: rate increases with activity
environmental temperature: rate goes up above and below TNZ |
|
|
What factors have smaller effects on metabolic rate?
|
Body size: weight specific rate goes up as size goes down
Age: rate increases to puberty then down Sex: higher in males Time of day: higher in daytime |
|
|
What is the effect of body size with resting metabolic rate?
|
Kleiber's Law informs us that as body size increases, resting metabolic rate increases. The slope is about 0.75 on a log scale
|
|
|
Kleiber's Law presents metabolic rate as a function of weight. What is the mathematical expression?
|
Rate = a (weight)^0.75
|
|
|
Who uses energy more efficiently? Larger or smaller animals?
|
Larger animals.
|
|
|
There is a trend for a metabolic rate/weight ratio. What is the mathematical relationship?
|
Metabolic rate / weight = a (weight)^-0.25
|
|
|
What are maximal metabolic rates?
|
VdotO2 max is the maximum aerobic capacity (mL O2/ (Kg-min))
Rate cannot be maintained for long |
|
|
What determines VdotO2max?
|
maximum aerobic ATP production
|
|
|
What does the relationship between VdotO2 max and weight look like?
|
It resembles the VdotO2 relationship as in as weight increases, VdotO2 max decreases
|
|
|
Are there outliers to this trend?
|
Yes, microbat and pronghorn antelope. Due to massive lungs, big heart, high cardiac output, high hemoglobin, more muscle, small stomach, and low fat stores
|
|
|
Why can the american antelope run so fast for so long? What is its top speed and top sustained speed?
|
Running from extinct predators like cheetahs, hyenas, or canids. Top speed, 61, sustained is 40
|
|
|
What affects Maximal metabolic rate as measured by VdotO2 max?
|
many organ systems
|
|
|
Name organ systems that affect VdotO2 max
|
lung volume, heart size, cardiac output, blood (hemoglobin), capillary density, muscle mass
|
|
|
How much can humans increase VdotO2 max with training?
|
up to 30%
|
|
|
Which events have the highest average VdotO2 max?
|
Cross country skiing, long distance running, canoeing, and ice hockey
|
|
|
What's the range of the highest VdotO2 maxes recorded?
|
90-95 mL O2/ kg-min
|
|
|
What are the energetic tradeoffs between different speeds of transportation?
|
Going all out (VdotO2 max) maximizes speed at high cost. Flying at a moderate rate minimizes cost/time. Flying slow minimizes cost/km
|
|
|
Why does the choice of fuel make a difference for migrants?
|
Because some fuels are more energy dense per gram
|
|
|
What are the relative fuel densities?
|
(all energy in kJ/g)
lipids: 39-40 proteins: 18-20 carbs: 17 hydrated glycogen: 4.6 |
|
|
What type of energy do hummingbirds use and why?
|
They gorge and put on fat because it's the most energy dense and they don't need to stop that way. Fly all the way from Mexico to the US and lose their fat on the way
|
|
|
What is a basal metabolic rate?
|
The resting or standard metabolic rate
|
|
|
What's the mathematical relationship for BMR?
|
a x weight^0.7, generally speaking
|
|
|
What is the general trend for weight specific metabolic rates?
|
Because BMR = a x weight^0.7, this mean as weight increases, the weight specific metabolic rate goes down
|
|
|
What is a metabolic rate?
|
The rate at which an animal consumes energy. That is, the rate at which chemical energy is converted to heat and external work
|
|
|
What is the dominant component of metabolism?
|
Metabolic rate is determined by heat and work. Heat dominates
|
|
|
What was the setup for Lavoisier's direct calorimeter?
|
He surrounded an animal with ice jackets and insulated it. The ice yielded liquid water which was a direct result of the animal's heat.
|
|
|
What is a direct calorimeter?
|
A device that measures the rate at which heat leaves a body
|
|
|
Why is heat production important in measuring metabolism?
|
Because heat is a quantitative measure of the total activity of all an animal's physiological mechanisms
|
|
|
What is indirect calorimetry?
|
indirect calorimetry measures an animal's metabolic rate by means other than quantifying heat and work
|
|
|
What is the respiratory exchange ratio (R)?
|
The ratio of moles of CO2 produced per unit time over the moles of O2 consumed per unit time measured at the respiratory organs
|
|
|
What is the respiratory quotient? (RQ)
|
The ratio of moles of CO2 produced per unit time over the moles of O2 consumed per unit time measured at the cellular level
|
|
|
An animal's metabolic rate often increases temporarily following a meal even when all other conditions are constant. What is this increase in metabolic rate known as?
|
specific dynamic action (SDA)
the calorigenic effect of ingested food the heat increment of feeding |
|
|
What do we think causes SDA? When does it happen?
|
It happens after the absorption of digestive products. It looks to be caused by the cellular processing of the organic compounds (like nitrogen disposal from excess amino acids in protein)
|
|
|
What is diet-induced thermogenesis? (DIT)
|
a long term increase in metabolic rate induced by persistent over eating
|
|
|
What is a homeotherm?
|
An animal that physiologically regulates its body temperature such as mammals and birds.
|
|
|
What is the BMR?
|
a standardized measure of metabolic rate that applies to homeotherms. It is the metabolic rate of an animal during: 1. it's in its TNZ
2. it's fasting or 3. it's resting |
|
|
What is fasting (or postabsorbtive)?
|
it means that a subject's last meal took place sufficiently long ago for the SDA to be over
|
|
|
What is the thermoneutral zone?
|
Each homeothermic species has a range of environmental temperatures in which the metabolic rate is minimal.
|
|
|
What are poikilotherms (ectotherms)?
|
Animals that allow their body temperatures to fluctuate freely with variations in environmental temperatures like amphibians, molluscs, and fish.
|
|
|
What is standard metabolic rate? (SMR)
|
it applies to ectotherms and refers to its metabolic rate when it is:
1. fasting 2. resting SMR is also dependent on temperature so there is a different SMR for each body temp |
|
|
Resting also means different things with different species. What does routine metabolic rate refer to?
|
the metabolic rates of reasonably quiet fish exhibiting only small, spontaneous movements
|
|
|
What is metabolic scaling aka metabolism-size relation?
|
The study of the relationship between metabolic rate and body size
|
|
|
Energy needs of species are ________________ to their respective body sizes
|
not proportional
|
|
|
What is an allometric equation?
|
It is an equation in which there is an exponent that does not equal one thus the relationship is not directly proportional in a linear sense.
|
|
|
What else is an allometric function?
|
Maximum metabolic rate,
metabolic rate of active animals |
|
|
How do the sizes of different animals and the sizes of their hearts compare? What questions does this bring up?
|
Heart size is roughly proportional to body size. If so, why are larger animals metabolically less active? Why do small animals' hearts beat so much faster?
|
|
|
How do the rates of food consumption and air intake compare for large and small animals? What are the implications of these relationships?
|
Small animals breath in more air and eat more food in proportion to their body mass. This also means toxins accumulate more readily in their bodies
|
|
|
Who was Max Rubner?
|
He was a biologist who articulated an explanatory theory known as Rubner's Surface "law"
|
|
|
What is Rubner's Surface "law"?
|
it stated that BMR is proportional to body surface area and that the allometric relationship between BMR and body weight was because of this.
|
|
|
What was the reasoning behind Rubner's Surface "law"?
|
1. Placental mammals maintain high body temps and lose heat to the environment
2. Heat is loss from surface area 3. Small mammals have more surface area per unit weight 4. Heat lost must be replaced, thus small animals must produce heat at a faster rate proportionally |
|
|
Why does Rubner's Surface "law" fail?
|
1. it tries to explain allometric relationship of metabolism to body weight for mammals but the relationship is allometric for ectotherms as well
2. the data contradicts the mathematical calculation of b to .67 but we've seen much higher values |
|
|
What are new scientists looking towards for explanations for the allometric relationship of metabolic rate to body weight?
|
evolutionary constraints in resource distribution systems such as the circulatory system
|
|
|
How are the rates of O2 consumption measured under stress for land vs flying animals vs swimming?
|
treadmill vs wind tunnel vs water tunnel
|
|
|
What is the doubly labeled water method?
|
animals are injected with water labeled with hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. At the end, a blood sample shows how much has been processed
|
|
|
What is the Dsub2 ^ 18 O method?
|
Deuterium and O-18 are used in the doubly labeled water method
|
|
|
What is the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) or field metabolic rate (FMR)?
|
the metabolic rate of an animal in the wild
|
|
|
What are other names for Vdot O2 max?
|
aerobic capacity or maximal aerobic power
|
|
|
What does a higher Vdot O2 max mean?
|
It means an animal can produce more ATP rapidly and therefore reach higher speeds
|
|
|
What can Vdot O2 max be used to measure?
|
The strenuousness of an activity. We can compare what proportion of an individual's Vdot O2max is needed for the exercise
|
|
|
What is the relationship between Vdot O2 max and age?
|
As age increases, the same activity requires a greater proportion of Vdot O2max as theoretically, the body's ability to product ATP declines.
|
|
|
What happens to Vdot O2 max as altitude increases?
|
Vdot O2 Max decreases
|
|
|
What do some people think is the cause of Vdot O2 max?
|
a weak link in organ systems; like the circulatory system can't transport oxygen at a rate equal to the rate at which the other organ systems can handle it.
|
|
|
what is symmorphosis?
|
the position that all organ systems are interactively adapted to have equal limits
|
|
|
This set of flashcards was stopped at pg 216 because I'm tired of this topic.
|
yup
|
