Animal Phys - Chpt. 7 Defs

Front 1

Burst Exercise

Back 1

Exercise that occurs over a short period of time which is relatively intense

Front 2

Sustained Exercise

Back 2

exercise continued at a steady rate for a longer period of time

Front 3

aerobic catabolic pathway

Back 3

pathways that, by use of O2, completely oxidize foodstuff molecules to CO2 and H2O

Front 4

Glycolysis

Back 4

The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid, generating a net 2 ATP

Front 5

Krebs cycle

Back 5

The generation of 8 molecules of NADH2+ and 2 molecules of FADH+ from each pair of pyruvic acid mlecules

Front 6

Electron Transport Chain

Back 6

Occurs inside the mitochondria, molecules of NADH2+ and FADH+ are oxidized, and the resulting electron pairs are passed down a chain of enzymes to O2, where a proton gradient causes an influx of H+ ions through a channel to join with O2 and the electrons, oxidatively phosphorylating ADP to ATP in the process. 4 enzymes are used in the process, known as Complex I-IV

Front 7

P/O ratio

Back 7

The ratio of ATP molecules produced per atom of oxygen reduced to water

Front 8

Coupling

Back 8

linkage of the electron transport with oxidative phosphorylation. Fully coupled is 3/1, and completely uncoupled is 0/1. Fully coupled is most typical, but leakage of protons in the mitochondrial membrane makes the process less than 100% efficient, more like 60-70%

Front 9

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)

Back 9

A channel protein which allows protons to leak back inside the matrix of the mitochondria producing heat instead of ATP

Front 10

redox balance

Back 10

the regeneration of NAD and FAD must balance its reduction to be able to continue metabolism of glucose

Front 11

anaerobic glycolysis

Back 11

The anaerobic metabolism of glucose with lactic acid as the final product, producing 2 net ATP

Front 12

Glucogenesis

Back 12

the generation of glucose or glycogen from molecules of lactic acid

Front 13

steady state

Back 13

1) Produces ATP as fast as it is used
2) uses raw materials no faster than they are replenished
3) chemical by-products are voided as fast as they are made
4) does not cause other changes in cell function that progress to the point of disrupting cell function

Front 14

non-steady state

Back 14

a self limiting mechanism which can only proceed so long as stores of fuel remain

Front 15

Phosphagens

Back 15

Molecules like Creatine phosphate and arginine phosphate which can provide phosphate groups and energy for rapid ATP generation

Front 16

slow oxidative fibers

Back 16

Muscle fibers that are mostly aerobic respirators, high in mitochondria, tension slowly, and are able to provide sustained power in the presence of O2. They are red due to the presence of myoglobin, which can store oxygen in small amounts within the muscle

Front 17

Fast glycolytic fibers

Back 17

Fibers that are mostly anaerobic with fewer mitochondria, tension quickly, and fatigue quickly. They lack myoglobin and are white. Use phosphogens and

Front 18

maximal aerobic exercise

Back 18

exercise requiring exactly the maximum rate of O2 consmption

Front 19

submaximal aerobic exercise

Back 19

exercise requiring less than the maximum rate of O2 consumption

Front 20

supramaximal

Back 20

exercise requiring more than the maximum rate of O2 consumption

Front 21

oxygen deficit

Back 21

the difference between the theoretical and actual uptake of oxygen due to the circulatory and respiratory systems slower rate of aerobic rate increase