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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acoelomate
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Organism lacks body cavity between gut and outer body wall. Mesoderm fills where cavity might be.
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Pseudocoelomate
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Organism has body cavity in between tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm.
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Coelomate
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Organism has body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
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Protostome
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Spiral cleavage
Determinate cleavage Blastopore develops mouth to anus |
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Deuterostome
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Radial cleavage
Indeterminate cleavage Blastopore develops anus to mouth |
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Lophophore
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Crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding. Found in lophotrocozoans
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Nekton
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Free-floating, swimming organisms
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Porifera (p)
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Sponges
Asymmetrical Choanocytes (collar cells) for feeding and reproduction Spicules for structure and protection. Morphology: Asconoid, Synconoid, Leuconoid. Sexual or asexual reproduction. Hermaphrodites |
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Cnidaria (p)
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Classes
Hydrazoa: Hydras Scyphozoa: Jellyfish Anthozoa: Sea Anemones, Corals Radially symmetrical Diploblastic Have nematocysts on tentacles that capture prey Have complex life cycles |
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Ctenaphores (p)
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Comb Jellies (Sea walnuts, Gooseberries)
Biradially symmetrical Have rows of radially arranged ciliary plates (CTENES) Have tentacles not around mouth Colloblasts (adhesive cells) to trap zooplankton that they eat No nematocysts and larval forms differ from Cnidarian larvae |
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Acoelomate
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Organism lacks body cavity between gut and outer body wall. Mesoderm fills where cavity might be.
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Pseudocoelomate
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Organism has body cavity in between tissues derived from mesoderm and endoderm.
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Coelomate
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Organism has body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
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Protostome
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Spiral cleavage
Determinate cleavage Blastopore develops mouth to anus |
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Deuterostome
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Radial cleavage
Indeterminate cleavage Blastopore develops anus to mouth |
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Platyhelminthes (p)
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Class Tuberllaria (Planarians)
Class Trematoda (Flukes) Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) |
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Complex Life Cycle
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Larval form differs from adult form
Cnidarians Parasites Rotifers Amphibians Arthropods |
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Parasite Life Cycle
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Definitive Host-Organsim where parasite reaches sexual maturity
Intermediate Host-Where the parasite undergoes some development and morphological change but does not reach sexual maturity Vector-Transmit infections from one host to another |
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Tubellaria (c)
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Free-living planarians. Phylum Platyhelminthes. Gave rise to parasitic trematods and cestods
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Trematods (c)
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Parasitic flukes. Phylum Platyhelminthes. Have complex life cycle. Get from raw fish. Frogs with multiple legs
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Cestods (c)
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Parasitic Tapeworms. Phylum Platyhelminthes.
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Functions of Pseudocoeloms and coeloms
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-Provides surface area for absorption of nutrients
-Provides flexibility -Body cavity may circulate nutrients, oxygen, water, and ions and compliments the circulatory system. -Body cavity may hold excess wastes and water. -Body cavity may act as hydrostatic skeleton, providing a semi-rigid body structure against which muscles can construct |
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Pseudocoelomate characteristics
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-Bilaterally symmetrical
-Unsegmented! -Three germ layers -Complete digestive system -Protonephridia for excretion -No respiratory or circulatory organs -Nervous system: Cerebral ganglia, nerve ring, some have eye spots -Sexes usually separate (sexual dimorphism) -Development direct or complex -Free-living or parasitic |
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Rotifer (p)
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Pseudocoelomate
-Complex life cylce -Hypodermic impregnation -Platyzoa |
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Gastrotricha (p)
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-Acoelomate
-Complete gut -Hydrostatic locomotion -covered in cilia |
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Kinorhyncha (p)
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-Mud dragons
-pseudocoelomates -Have zonites (segments) |
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Acanthocephala (p)
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-Parasitic spiny-headed worms
-Have a cylindrical evaginable probiscus to attach to host -sexually dimorphic |
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Nematoda (p)
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-Pseudocoelomates that lack circulatory and respiratory systems.
-Advanced sensory "ganglionic brain" -Depend on diffusion for gas exchange -Advanced gastrovascular cavity (tubular, 2 openings) -Most harmless; some parasitic: hookworm, trichnella and Dog heartworm |
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Cryptobiosis
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Suspended Animation.
-Pseudocoelomates lower metabolism to appear dead and curl cup to prevent dessication. Withstand harsh conditions. Have hard outer cuticle. |
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Lophophorates
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-Have true coelom and lophophore
3 phyla: Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryazoa |
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Phoronoid (p)
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Horseshoe worms.
-coelomates -lophophorates using lophophore as feeding mechanism. |
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Bryozoan (p)
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Moss animals. Form colonies
-coelomates -lophophorates using lophophore as feeding mechanism. Use chemical signals-pheromones-kin association to identify related larvae |
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Brachiopoda (p)
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Lampshells
-lophophorates using lophophore as feeding mechanism. -look like clams |
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Nimertea (p)
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Riobbon worms
-coelomates -Have probiscus for capturing prey -Regenerative |
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Entoprocta (p)
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Goblet worms, kamptazoans
-coelomates -attached to substrate with slender stalk for filter feeding-lophophore |
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Annelids (p)
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Segmented worms; 3 classes: Polychaets, oligochaetes, hirudinea
-tripoblastic -bilateral -coelomates -complete digestive tract -segmentation allows coordinated movement -closed circulatory system |
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Polychaeta (c)
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Sandworms
-mostly marine -many setae (hair-like projections for holding on) -parapodia (for gas exchange and locomotion) -no permanent gonads -trochophore larvae |
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Oligochaeta (c)
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Earthworms
-few setae (hair-like projections for holding on) -clitellum -monoecious |
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Hirudinea (c)
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Leeches
-carnivorous bloodsuckers -secrete anaesthetic and an anticoagulant |
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Acoelomorpha (p)
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Small bilateral flatworms with no coelom but do not have gut.
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Mollusca (p)
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4 classes: Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
-Reduced coelomate (around heart) -usually open circulatory system -complete digestive tract -dioecious -marine forms have larval forms body plan:mantle, visceral mass, foot, radula |
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Polyplacophora (c)
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Chitons
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Gastropoda (c)
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-Snails, slugs, sea-hares
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Bivalvia (c)
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-shell with 2 halves
-no cephalization -no radula -sedentery filter feeders |
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Cephalopoda (c)
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-Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus
-well developed sensory structures, nervous system -fast moving reduced or missing shell -closed circulatory system -intelligent -predators with good vision -foot is modified into tentacles with suckers -swim by jet propulsion |
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Arthropoda (p)
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Segmented coelomates with exoskeletons and jointed appendages
-most successful animal phylum -body completely covered by cuticle (exoskeleton) from layers of protein and chitin -well-developed sense organs -open circulatory system which hemolymph fluid is propelled by heart through arteries into sinuses (hemocoel) surrounding tissues and organs |
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Arachnida (c)
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Spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
-8 legs -carnivorous -simple eyes with single lens mites are small and unsegmented ticks can give you lyme disease, dermatosis, envenomization, otacariasis |
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Crustacea (c)
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Crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimp, barnacles
-have 2 pairs of antennas -have compound eyes -gas exchange through gills |
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Insecta (c)
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-Most diverse animals
-Live everywhere; rare marine 3 body regions; Head, abdomen, thorax -single pair of antennae and 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax |
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Eusocial Insects
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Order Hymenoptera: Ants, bees, wasps
Order Isoptera: Termites Have a single reproductive female: queen caste system: workers, soldiers Termites are diploid Ants, bees and wasps are haplodiploid: males are haploid and females are diploid-helps produce more sisters |
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Echinodermata (p)
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deuterostomes, coelomates, dioecious
-larvae are bilaterally symmetric -adults radial -water vascular system-water flows in and out: ring canal, radial canals, ampullae and tube feet -spiny skin: gills spine, pedicellariae |
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Asteroidea (c)
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Sea stars
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Ophiuroidea (c)
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brittle stars
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Echinoidea (c)
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sea urchins
sand dollars |
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Crinoidea (c)
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sea lilies
sessile |
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Holothuroidea (c)
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sea cucumbers
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Concentricycloidea (c)
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sea daisies
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Chordata (p)
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Deuterostomes, bilateral, dioecious, coelomates, segmented
4 characteristics they have at some stage of life cycle: Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail |
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Urochordata (sp)
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tunicates, sea squirts
-adults are sesille have gill slits but lose other 3 characteristics |
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Cephalochordata (sp)
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-lancelets, Branchiostoma or Amphioxus
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Vertebrates (sp)
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-5% of all animals
-specializations lead to increased size and activity. -cephalization -greater physical support -increased metabolic demand: closed circulation, hemoglobin |
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"Fish"
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-Mainly aquatic
-2-chambered heart -swim bladder for buoyancy 5 classes: Myxini, Cephalaspidomerphi, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii |
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Myxini (c)
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hagfish: jawless fishes
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Cephalaspidomerphi (c)
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lampreys: jawless fishes
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Chondrichthyes (c)
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sharks and rays: cartilaginous fish; jawed fishes
-keen senses -carnivorous or filter feeder Jaws evolved from anterior gill arches, allowed grasping and chewing prey. Became dominant |
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Sarcopterygii (c)
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coelocanth, lungfish: lobe-finned fishes: bony fish
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Actinopterygii (c)
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salmon, perch, flounders: ray-finned fish-bony fish
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Transition onto land
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lungfish and lobe-finned fishes evolved jointed fins. Ability to extract oxygen from air. limbs helped create terrestrial locomotion. Led to tetrapods
movement on land to escape predators, new food sources and habitats |
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Tetrapods
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Extract oxygen from air
Terrestrial locomotion solid skull interlocking vertebrae enlarged, rotated girdles foot/limbs |
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Amphibia (c)
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-3 chambered heart; double circulation pattern
-means "double life" -live on land but need water for reproduction. -have complex life cycles -carniovorous |
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Vertebrates (sp)
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-5% of all animals
-specializations lead to increased size and activity. -cephalization -greater physical support -increased metabolic demand: closed circulation, hemoglobin |
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"Fish"
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-Mainly aquatic
-2-chambered heart -swim bladder for buoyancy 5 classes: Myxini, Cephalaspidomerphi, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii |
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Myxini (c)
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hagfish: jawless fishes
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Cephalaspidomerphi (c)
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lampreys: jawless fishes
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Chondrichthyes (c)
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sharks and rays: cartilaginous fish; jawed fishes
-keen senses -carnivorous or filter feeder Jaws evolved from anterior gill arches, allowed grasping and chewing prey. Became dominant |
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Sarcopterygii (c)
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coelocanth, lungfish: lobe-finned fishes: bony fish
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Actinopterygii (c)
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salmon, perch, flounders: ray-finned fish-bony fish
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Transition onto land
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lungfish and lobe-finned fishes evolved jointed fins. Ability to extract oxygen from air. limbs helped create terrestrial locomotion. Led to tetrapods
movement on land to escape predators, new food sources and habitats |
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Tetrapods
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Extract oxygen from air
Terrestrial locomotion solid skull interlocking vertebrae enlarged, rotated girdles foot/limbs |
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Amphibia (c)
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-3 chambered heart; double circulation pattern
-means "double life" -live on land but need water for reproduction. -have complex life cycles -carniovorous -external fertilization -unshelled eggs (oviparous) -inefficient lungs (skin breathing) -ectothermic |
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Ectotherm
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Body temperature determined by temperature of immediate environment
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Endotherm
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Body temperature determined by its own metabolic heat production
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Poikilotherm
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Variable body temperature
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Homeotherm
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Constant body temperature
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Urodela (o)
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salamandars, newts
-reduction of limbs -elongation of trunk -no tympanum/middle ear (no vocalization) -larvae similar to adults but with external gills -ribs -teeth on both jaws |
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Apoda (o)
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caecilians
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Anura (o)
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frogs and toads
sophistocated auditory system |
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Amniotes
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"reptiles", birds and mammals
all share amniote egg -amnion: surrounds embryo -allantois: stores and sequesters nitrogenous wastes -yolk sac -chorion: gas exchange |
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"Reptiles"
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-amniote egg-shelled
-scaly exterior (prevents -dehydration) -efficient lungs -3-chambered heart (except crocodilians) -ectothermic -Oviparous (egg laying) or viviparity (live birth) |
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Testudines (c)
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turtles and tortoises
communicate visual, tactile, olfactory |
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Lepidosauromorpha (c)
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lizards, snakes
communicate through visual, chemical/olfactory, some auditory |
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Crocodilia (c)
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alligators, crocodiles
communicate through auditory, olfactory |
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Aves (c)
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Birds: derived from dinosaurs
-endothermic, 4-chambered heart -carinate birds (flying) -ratite (flightless) -feathers ONLY -no teeth -amniote egg -scales on leg |
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Flight adaptations
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-Escape predators
-Hunting -Travel -Efficient metabolism, lungs -Acute senses, motor coordination, brains -Lightweight, hollow bones -nitrogenous wastes -gizzard to help churn food b/c there are no teeth |
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Mammalia (c)
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-have scent, sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands
-have HAIR -well-developed facial musculature -placental mammals -monotremes lay eggs -Bats are only fliers |
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Biodiversity
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Genetic: variation in species
Species: coral reef Ecosystem: tropical rainforest |
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Biological agents
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Bacteria
Virus Toxins |
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Reasons for preserving biodiversity
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-Aesthetic reasons
-Ecological, Ecosystem services -Medical, health -Ethical Reasons -Religions reasons |
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Possible causes in biodiversity
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-HABITAT DESTRUCTION
-global climate change -ozone depletion -acidification -pollution -introduction of exotic species -pathogens -over-harvesting |
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Lateral line
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sense organ for detecting movement and vibration in surrounding waters
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Spiralians
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Grow by adding mass to an existing body: Lophotrochozoa and Platyzoa
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Ecdysozoa
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Increase in size by molting their external skeletons
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The Red Queen Hypothesis
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“It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” --Lewis Carroll…
antibiotic resistance evolution of virulence social interactions common behaviors |
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Zoonotic disease
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Human disease that is an animal reservoir (transmission of disease from animal to human via vector)
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Goal of any living organism
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Survive
Reproduce-for parasite: transmission |
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Parasite behavior
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Seek host
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Host behavior
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Get rid of parasite
Avoid parasite Behave differently to get rid/avoid parasite |
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West Nile Virus
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Mosquito are vectors and infect birds, who are intermediate host to mammals, definitive host
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Dengue fever
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Tropical fever in southeast asia
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Yellow fever
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South American fever, causes jaundice, "yellow eyes"
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