Animal Nutrition Test 2 - Carbs

Front 1

What is an aldose

Back 1

Carbonyl at end of carbon chain

In aldehyde group

Front 2

What is a ketose

Back 2

Carbonyl not at the end of carbon chain

In ketone group

Front 3

What are isomers

Back 3

mirror images around chiral carbons

Front 4

What is the most common isomer form in CHO's in living organisms

Back 4

D isomer

Front 5

When does a CHO exist in a cyclical not straight chain structure

Back 5

more than 5 C

Front 6

Alpha anomer

Back 6

-OH of anomeric (carbonyl) C is down

Front 7

Beta anomer

Back 7

-OH of anomeric (carbonyl) C is up

Front 8

What is a CHO derivative

Back 8

Hydroxyl group replaced with:

another substituent

carbon is oxidized

hydroxyl is phosphorylated

Front 9

What are the 4 main CHO derivatives

Back 9

1. Amino Sugars = -OH to -NH2

2. Deoxy Sugars = -OH to -H

3. Acidic sugars = -CH2OH to -COO-

4. Sugar phosphates = -OH to -OPO3-2-

Front 10

4 main classifications of CHO's

Back 10

1. Monosaccharides = simple sugar

2. Disaccharides = 2 monosacchrides

3. Oligosaccharides = 3~9 monosaccharides

4. Polysaccharides = 10+ monosaccharides

Front 11

What determines the name of the glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides

Back 11

1. Position of C involved

2. Anomeric configuration of those C's

(alpha "u" shaped, beta "s" shaped)

Front 12

3 important disaccharides and their linkage

Back 12

1. Maltose - glc(alpha1 to 4)glc

2. Lactose - gal(beta1 to 4)glc

3. Cellobiose - glc(beta1 to 4)glc

Front 13

2 important starches and their likage

Back 13

1. Amylose - glc(alpha1 to 4)glc - linear

2. Amylopectin - glc(alpha1 to 6)glc - branches

(24-30 residues)

Front 14

How does glycogen structure differ from amylopectin

Back 14

Similar structure but more frequent branching (8-12 residues)

Front 15

Structure of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin

Back 15

Cellulose = glc(beta1 to 4)glc

Hemicellulose = heteropolysaccharide

Pectin = heteropolysaccharide

Front 16

What is lignin

Back 16

NOT a CHO

part of cell wall

complex polymer of aromatic alcohols

Front 17

2 main places CHO's found

Back 17

1. Endosperm

2. Plant cell wall

Front 18

3 main components of cell wall and their function

Back 18

1. Cellulose = individual chains form microfibrils

2. Hemicellulose & Pectin = cross link cellulose microfibrils

3. Lignin = bonded to cellulose and hemicellulose, like concreted surrounding steel rods (cellulose)

Front 19

4 main functions of CHO's

Back 19

1. Not essential

2. Provide source of energy

3. Starch and glycogen = energy storage

4. Plant cell wall

Front 20

Where does most CHO digestion occur

Back 20

Small intestine

Front 21

Origin, Substrate, Action, and End products of:

Pancreatic amylase

Back 21

Origin = pancreas

Substrate = Starch

Action = dextrins

End Products = Maltose, isomaltose, glucose

Front 22

Origin, Substrate, Action, and End products of:

Maltase and Isomaltase

Back 22

Origin = Sm Intestine

Substrate = Maltose, isomaltose

End products = glucose

Front 23

Origin, Substrate, Action, and End products of:

Lactase

Back 23

Origin = Sm Intestine

Substrate = lactose

End products = glucose and galactose

Front 24

Origin, Substrate, Action, and End products of:

Sucrase

Back 24

Origin = Sm Intestine

Substrate = sucrose

End products = glucose and fructose

Front 25

_______ breaks alpha(1-4) bonds in amylose and amylopectin and yields ___, ____, and _____

Back 25

Alpha-amylase breaks alpha(1-4) bonds in amylose and amylopectin and yields maltose, maltotriose and limit dextrins

Front 26

______ cleaves ______ bonds as well as alpha(1-4) bonds at non-reducing ends of amylose/amylopectin and yields ________

Back 26

Amyloglucosidase cleaves alpha(1-6) bonds as well as alpha(1-4) bonds at non-reducing ends of amylose/amylopectin and yields glucose

Front 27

_______ cleaves alpha(1-4) bonds of maltose and yields ______

Back 27

Maltase cleaves alpha(1-4) bonds of maltose and yields glucose

Front 28

Where is the most absorption of CHO's

Back 28

duodenum and ileum

Front 29

What is the active transporter of Glucose

Back 29

Sodium-glucose linked transoprter

Front 30

What is the passive transporter of Glucose

Back 30

Glucose transporter

Front 31

What is the beginning and end products of Glycolysis and what is net products

Back 31

Glucose to Pyruvate

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH

Front 32

The conversion of _________ to _________ is the intermediate step between glycolysis and citric acid cycle and it yields _________

Back 32

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

yields 2 NADH/glucose or 1 NADH/pyruvate

Front 33

What is the beginning and end products of the Citric Acid Cycle and what is net products

Back 33

Acetyl-CoA to Co2

Yields: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Front 34

What is the beginning and end products of Oxidative Phosphorylation and what is net products

Back 34

NADH/FADH2 to ATP

Yields: 2.5 ATP/NADH or 1.5 ATP/FADH2

Front 35

Which is a higher energy carrier, NADH or FADH2

Back 35

NADH

Front 36

In __________ pyruvate is converted to glucose

Back 36

Gluconeogenesis

Front 37

How does gluconeogenesis differ from glycolysis

Back 37

glycolysis in reverse

requires 6 ATP equivalents

Oxaloacetate is and intermediate

Other enzymes differ

Front 38

Another word for glycogen degradation is

Back 38

glycogenolysis

Front 39

What are the steps of glycogenolysis and what is yielded

Back 39

1. Glycogen phosphorylase breaks alpha(1-4) bonds

2. Debranching enzyme breaks alpha(1-6) bonds

Yield: 1 glucose-1-P and conserves 1 ATP

Front 40

What is another word for glycogen synthesis

Back 40

Glycogenesis

Front 41

What are the steps of glycogenesis

Back 41

1. Glycogen synthase elongates alpha(1-4) chains of UDP-glucose

2. Glycogen branching enzyme forms alpha(1-6) branches

requires 2 ATP equivalents

Front 42

What is the main point of glycogenesis

Back 42

makes more non-reducing ends to increase sites for synthesis and degredation

Front 43

What happens in the pentose phosphate pathway

Back 43

1. Pentoses converted to corresponding sugar phosphates

2. Sugar phosphates then fed into glycolysis (EMP)

Front 44

What is the total ATP yield from 1 molecule of Glucose

Back 44

Total = 32

Glycolysis = 2 ATP, 2 NADH (5 ATP) = 7 ATP

A. CoA = 0 ATP, 2 NADH (5 ATP) = 5 ATP

C.A.C. = 2 ATP, 6 NADH (15 ATP), 2 FADH2 (3 ATP) = 20 ATP

Front 45

______ secreted by ________ in response to high blood glucose

Back 45

Insulin is secreted by pancreas in response to high blood glucose

Front 46

________ secreted by ________ in response to low blood glucose

Back 46

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood gluose

Front 47

5 effects of Insulin

Back 47

1. increase glucose uptake

2. increase glycogen synthesis

3. decrease glycogen degredation

4. increase lipogenesis

5. decrease lipolysis

Front 48

4 effects of Glucagon

Back 48

1. decrease glucose uptake

2. increase glycogen degradation

3. increase glucoeogenesis

4. increase lipolysis

Front 49

Approximately ______ percent of bacteria attached to feed particles

Back 49

70 %

Front 50

Are protozoa associated or attached

Back 50

associated

Front 51

What are the two steps to plant cell wall breakdown by gut microbes

Back 51

1. Cellulolytics break down cellulose and hemicellulose into solubilized oligo and polysaccharides

2. Other species ferment to acetate, butyrate, methane and propionate

Front 52

What are the 2 limits to hydrolysis by gut microbes

Back 52

1. Rate - dependent upon surface area

2. Extent - dependent upon lignin

Front 53

What are the steps to fermentation of CHO's by gut microbes and what is the ATP yield

Back 53

1. Glucose to pyruvate

2. Pyruvate to SCFA, CO2, H2, and Methane

Yields 2-4 mol ATP per mol of glucose, plus extra for methane

Front 54

What are the 4 most common abnormalities of CHO digestion

Back 54

1. Malabsorption of of sucrose and lactose

2. Diabetes mellitus

3. Acute Acidosis

4. Chronic Acidosis or SARA (sub acute rumen acidosis)

Front 55

What are the 3 types of diabetes

Back 55

Type 1 = don't produce insulin, childhood diabetes

Type 2 = don't sense insulin

Gestational = don't sense insulin during pregnancy, most common in animals

Front 56

What causes acute acidosis

Back 56

abrupt transition from forage to grain, lactate accumulates and pH drops below 5.2

Front 57

What microbes cause acute acidosis

What microbes alleviate it

Back 57

Cause = streptococcus bovis

Alleviate = Megasphaera elsdenii

Front 58

What causes chronic acidosis

Back 58

After adaptation to high grain, chronic episodes of low pH b/w 5.2 and 5.6

no accumulation of lactate

poor rumination = poor salivation = poor liquid dilution rate = less VFA washed out = low pH

Front 59

What is the way to tell if a cow has chronic acidosis

Back 59

milk fat depression

Front 60

What are the main 4 effects of chronic acidosis

Back 60

1. Milk fat depression

2. Ulceration and scarring ofrumen wall

3. Migration of fusobacterium necrophorum from ruminal ulcers to liver

4. formation of liver abscesses

Front 61

How can you treat chronic acidosis

Back 61

increase fiber to stimulate rumination and increase pH

Front 62

Most concentrates are high in _________

Back 62

starch

Front 63

Most forages are high in ________, ________ and ___________

Back 63

cellulose, lignin and other cell wall components