Animal Nutrition (Intro, Energy, Proteins)

Front 1

What are the inputs (food)?

Back 1

Energy
Protein
Vitamins
Minteral
Essential Fatty Acids

Front 2

What are the 2 types of losses (food)?

Back 2

1. Digestive
2. Metabolic

Front 3

What is the digestive loss?

Back 3

Fecal

Front 4

What are the metabolic losses?

Back 4

Urine,
Methane,
Heat

Front 5

What are the outputs?

Back 5

Meat,
Milk,
Eggs,
Companion animals

Front 6

Adult vs. Juvenile:
Where are the losses greater?

Where are the outputs greater?

Back 6

Losses greater in adults

Outputs greater in juveniles

Front 7

Detention determines ?

Back 7

What the animal can cope with/eat.

Front 8

The rumen is a ____________.

Back 8

Large fermentation vehicle

Front 9

What does the rumen contain and what does it do?

Back 9

Contains microflora

Degrades plant fiber

Front 10

The small intestine contains ______.

Back 10

Endogenous enzymes

Front 11

Where are nutritens absorbed?

Back 11

Small intestine

Front 12

Where are products absorbed?

Back 12

Large intestine

Front 13

Where does the reabsorption of water and minerals occur?

Back 13

Large intestine

Front 14

Is there further microbial activity in the large intestine?

Back 14

Yes

Front 15

The salivary gland contains what enzyme?

What is the substrate of this enzyme?

Back 15

Enzyme: Salivary Amylase

Subtrate: Starch

Front 16

What is the homeostasis pH of rumen microflora?

Back 16

pH 5.5 - 6.5

Front 17

What are the salivary buffers in rumen microflora?

Back 17

Phosphate and bicarbonate

Front 18

Flowers are associated with?

Back 18

Reduced nutritional value / high fiber

Front 19

What are other possible pasture components (besides grass)?

Back 19

Clover (increase nitrogen),
Ensiled whole crop cereals (maize, wheat),
Alfalfa/lucerne (utilized by drier areas)

Front 20

Ca definiciency leads to ?

Back 20

Milk fever

Front 21

Zero-grazing helps prevent what?

Back 21

Build up of pasture worms

Front 22

Ideal fermentation is aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 22

Anaerobic

Front 23

What might go arong with silage?

Back 23

Variable conditions (weather, tehcnology),

Uncontrolled fermentations,

Pathogenic micro-organisms,

Toxic chemicals (including bacterial toxins),

Excess acidity

Front 24

Is all sillage from grass?

Back 24

No

Front 25

List pathogens.

Back 25

Enterobacteria (E. Coli),
Listeria Monocytogenes,
Clostridium botulinium,
Cryptosporidium parvum,
Aspergillus fumigatus,
Actinomycetes,
Penicillium roqueforti

Front 26

Diseases linked to micro-organisms

Back 26

Diahrea: E. coli, crypto & others,

Mastitis in cows lying on silage (E. Coli & others),

Listeriosis (L. monocytogenes),

Botulism (C. botulinium),

Respiratory distress from fungal spores

Front 27

The outer layer of a bale or a silo is a selective culture medium for ?

Back 27

Listeria

Front 28

What is acute acidosis from?

Back 28

Over-eating (gorging) of rapidly fermented starch + sugar

Front 29

What is chornic acidosis from?

Back 29

Too much concentration in diet, too little physically effective NDF (pENDF)

Front 30

List clinical signs of acidosis

Back 30

1. variable intake and/or progressive decrease in silage intake during the winter
2. Excessive intake of minerals
3. Preference for straw or other long fiber
4. Urine drinking
5. Regurgitation during rumination
6. Low milk fat %
7. Diahrea, hyperventilation, lethargy, bloat

Front 31

What is the treatment for acidosis?

Back 31

NaHCO3, long fiber to stimulate chewing and rumination

Front 32

What is the crop (found in some birds) for?

Back 32

Short term storage, increases esophageal activity, mucus secreting

Front 33

What is another name for the glandular stomach in birds and what does it do?

Back 33

Proventriculus

Secrets mucus, HCl, epsinogen

Front 34

What is the muscular stomach in birds called?

Back 34

Gizzard

Front 35

In birds, the digesta moves back and forth between gizzard and proventiculus, which improves?

Back 35

Digestive efficency

Front 36

What does the feed evaluation measure?

Back 36

Nutritional quality of feed

Front 37

Describe the ideal system of feed evaluation.

Back 37

1. based upon sound scientific concepts
2. allow prediction of responses in the animal to a given intake
3. easy to understand and apply
4. sufficiently accurate to allow substitution of one feedstuff for another (key for farm nutrition)

Front 38

What are the 2 extremes of feed evaluation principles?

Back 38

1. chemical/physical nature of the diet
2. productive response

Front 39

Animals have requirements for....

Back 39

1. energy
2. protein (amino acids)
3. minerals
4. vitamins
4. essential fatty acids

-catergories DO INTERACT (considered collectivley rather than seperatley)

Front 40

Interactions between animal requirements

Back 40

within classes:
Ca : P (minerals)

between classes:
Mineral:vitamin (selenium : vitamin E)

Vitamins : Essential fatty acids (vitamin E/linoleic acid)

Energy:protein (response to protein influenced by presense of energy)

Front 41

The simplest of all measurments is...

Back 41

water

Front 42

Hemicelluloses are

Back 42

the more active plant fibers

Front 43

It is important to express nutritional value in terms of animal....

Back 43

requirments

Animals and birds have precise requirments for dietary energy (therefore the value of the diet should be expressed in similar terms)

Front 44

What are the sources of energy?

Back 44

1. Carbs (starch, sugar, fiber): cereal grains, molasses, fruit pulps, cereal coprouducts, forages (fresh,conserved)

2. lipids/oils:
plant oils, animal fats

3. proteins

Front 45

Rank glucose, lipids and proteins in order of decreasing gross energy

Back 45

1. lipid
2. protein
3. glucose

Front 46

What is gross energy?

Back 46

Energy released when a dietary raw material or complete feed is completely combusted in an atomosphere of oxygen

(total energy in a material)

Front 47

What is digestible energy?

Back 47

Energy available following digestion

(DE=GE - Fecal energy)

Front 48

What is metabolisable energy?

Back 48

Energy retained

(ME=GE - (Fecal + Urinary + Methane Energy)

Front 49

What is net energy?

Back 49

Energy available for maintenance and production

NE=Ge - (Fecal + Urinary + Methane + Heat increment)

Front 50

Poulty is void of ________ & _______ losses through the cloaca

Back 50

digestive and metabolic

Front 51

It is important to express nutritional value in terms of ?

Back 51

Animal requirements

Front 52

Downsides of NE

Back 52

-Difficult to measure
-Complex to use as value is dependent upon numerous factors (age, sex, breed, enviornment, diet)

Front 53

Why is interest in NE increasing?

Back 53

The SITE of digestion has a big influence on what is absorbed

Front 54

More is lost in the large or small intestine?

Back 54

Latge intestine

Front 55

Small intestine digestion gives rise to...

Back 55

Glucose

Front 56

Large intestine digestion gives rise to...

Back 56

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Front 57

High starch diets are common in ruminant or nonruminants?

Back 57

Nonruminants

Front 58

Digestible energy value does not pick up on difference....

Back 58

of wether something is digested in small or large intestine (net energy differs depending on where digested)

Front 59

What is the most appropriate choice of system for poultry?

Back 59

ME

Front 60

What is the most appropriate/used system for pigs?

Back 60

DE

Front 61

For ruminants, which is better: unsaturated or saturated fatty acids?

Back 61

Saturated fatty acids

(b/c unsaturated fatty acids knock out fiber, impair fiber digestion, are toxic to rumen bacteria, signal cow to cease eating and impair rumen fermentation, depress DMI)

(saturated fatty acids: dont effect DMI, dont upset rumen function, stearic acid reduces fat accumulation in liver and improves reproductive preformance)

Front 62

Where do volatile fatty acids come from?

Back 62

Pyruvic acid

Front 63

What are the 3 types of volatie fatty acids?

Back 63

1. Acetate
2. Butyrate
3. Propionate

Front 64

pe NDF is found mostly in _________ and less in ________.

Back 64

mostly in: long grass hay
less in: concentrates

Front 65

What is another name for fiber?

Back 65

Non-starch polysaccharide

Front 66

NSP has variable response depending on...

Back 66

its orgin

Front 67

Obligate carnivores require which amino acid?

Back 67

Tourine (only in meat)

Front 68

What are the 2 sources of protein?

Back 68

1. animal protein concentrates (animal co-products, milk co-products, fish procuts)

2. Plant proteins (oilseeds, legumes)

Front 69

What are the problems with using crude protein as a measure of nutritional quality?

Back 69

1. Does not account for variable nitrogen content in protein
2. assumes that all nitrogen is from protein
3. does not consider protein quality

Front 70

Protein quality is...

Back 70

how dietary protein meets animals requirments for essential amino acids

Front 71

Ideal protein promotes optimum preformane and contains...

Back 71

1. all the essential amino acids (qualitative)
2. amino acids in correct proporton/balance to one another (quantitative)

Front 72

Met. & Cys amino acids are clumped together because they both contain

Back 72

Sulfur

Front 73

Phe & Tyr amino acids are clumped because they both

Back 73

are aromatic

Front 74

Deficiencies in Met. & Cys. amino acids are linked to

Back 74

Poor feathering in avians

Front 75

Peas are deficient in

Back 75

Met & Cys

Front 76

Beans are deficient in

Back 76

Met. and Cys. and also THR

Front 77

Diet based on beans and peas with no supplemental M & C or THR will lead to..

Back 77

Slower growth and increased enviornmental pressure

Front 78

Which is of better quality: animal proteins or plant proteins?

Back 78

Animal proteins

Front 79

What are the 2 major categories of plant proteins and which is better quality?

Back 79

1. Leaf/germ proteins (BETTER QUALITY)

2. Seed/tuber proteins

Front 80

Leaf/germ proteins are...

Back 80

-functional
-higher content of essential amino acids
-not bound=highly digestible

Front 81

Seed/Tuber proteins are..

Back 81

-structural
-bound=lower digestibility

Front 82

Raw legumes and soy bean block..

Back 82

trypsin

Front 83

In case of essential amino acids/proteins, preformance is restricted to the level of?

Back 83

The first limiting amino acid

Front 84

Some products of fermentation are lethal to?

Back 84

Pigs

Front 85

Is there poor protein digestion in the small intestine?

Back 85

Yes

Front 86

How can preformance be measured in companion animals?

Back 86

Coat condition, longevity

Front 87

Are Total amino acids an appropriate measure of dietary energy?

Back 87

No

Front 88

Ileal digestibility is determined by..

Back 88

estimating what is digested before the terminal illeum

Front 89

Amino acids absorbed from the _________ are of nutritional value to the animal, while nitrogenous material from the __________ is not.

Back 89

small intestine
large intestine

Front 90

What in the large intestine may also alter specific amino acids that escape digestion, through deamination or transamination.

Back 90

Microflora