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585 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Greatest single cost of animal agriculture is....
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Feed
|
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Food costs for dairy cows is how much of total cost?
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50%
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Food costs for swine and poultry is how much of total cost?
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70%
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Six general classes of nutrients are?
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Water, Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals
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The main nutrient required by animals is....?
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Water
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How many essential amino acids are there?
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10-11
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How man essential fatty acids are there?
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2-3
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How many vitamins are there? How many are fat soluble? Water soluble?
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13 in total. 4 fat soluble, 9 water soluble
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How many minerals are there? How many are macro? Trace elements?
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16 in total. 7 macro, 9 trace elements
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What amino acid do cats require?
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Taurine
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What is the total number of nutrients required by the animal?
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42-44
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The sum of all processes by which an animal takes in and utilizes food is known as?
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Nutrition
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What is the name for a series of processes within the alimentary canal in which feeds are broken down in particle size and made soluble for absorption
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Digestion
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Which process involves the passage of digested nutrients from the GIT into the blood, where they are distributed?
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Absorption
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The sum of all biochemical reactions that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and to build new tissue is known as...?
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Metabolism
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Food is....
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...an edible material that provides nutrients
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Feed is...
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...a food item that animals eat
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Feedstuffs are...
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...materials used as feed
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Diet is...
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...a mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal.
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Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is...
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...the region of the alimentary canal that runs from the stomach to the colon
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What class of animal eats only plants? An example?
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Herbivore, Horse
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What class of animal eats both plants and meat? An example?
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Omnivore, Pig
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What class of animal eats only meat? An example?
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Carnivore, Cat
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A cow rests for ... hours per day, sleeps for ... hours per day, and chews for ... hours per day.
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8, 8, 8
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The mouth consits of?
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Tounge, teeth and lips
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What are 3 uses of the mouth?
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Grazing, prehension of food and chewing
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The salivary glands produce?
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Saliva
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What are 4 uses of saliva?
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1) Helps food form a bolus for swallowing. 2) Keeps mouth moist and begins to solubilize food. 3) Adds digestive enzymes. 4) In ruminants, it aids in buffering pH
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What species of animals don't chew? Why?
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Avians, they don't produce much saliva
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How many litres per day of saliva does a sheep produce? A cow?
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10L/d in sheep, 150L/d in cattle
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The stomach is divided into sections based on?
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Types of glands present
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How many sections of the stomach are there in non ruminants?
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3
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What are the names of the regions of the stomach, and what glands do they contain?
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Cardiac region (mucus glands), Peptic gland region (enzymes (pesin) & HCL), Pyloric region (mucus)
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What is the rough pH of the stomach?
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pH 2
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In what part of the small intestine are the digestive secretions of pancreatic juice and bile secretions added?
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Duodenum
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Where in the small intestine does most absorption occur?
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Jejunum
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What is the third region of the small intestine? (Duodnem and Jejunum being the other two)
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Ileum
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The three regions of the large intestine are?
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Cecum, colon and rectum
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The large intestine is the primary region for...
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...water absorption and fermentation by gut bacteria
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There is little .... or .... ..... from the large intestine
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enzyme, hormone secretion
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What product of bacterial fermentation is absorbed in the large intestine?
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Volatile Fatty Acids
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What is coprophagy?
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The ability to redigest unabsorbed nutrients and to acquire the bacterially-synthesised vitamins
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What animals eat their own soft faeces?
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Baby Gorillas and rabbits
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Fibre is digested in the .... ...... not in the ......
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Large intestine, stomach
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In rumiants, the stomach has how many compartments?
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4
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What are the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach?
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Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and abomasum
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What are the key features of the rumen?
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Relatively stable pH (5-7), constant nutrient supply, anaerobic, constant temperature (38 degrees celcius), continous end product removal, continous mixing.
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The layers of the rumen from top to bottom are?
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Gas, Fibre mat, intermediate zone, liquid zone
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What neutralises pH changes in the rumen?
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Saliva
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How much of a ruminant's energy comes from VFA's?
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70-80%
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What 3 features do avians have to make up for their lack of teeth?
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Crop, pro-ventriculus and gizzard
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Proximate analysis is used for?
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Food and feed labels, and for quality control. Also used to classify feedstuffs
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Feeds classified as roughages or forages have how much crude fibre in the dry state?
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Avergage of more than 18%
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Products containing more than 20% crude protein are classified as?
Less than 20% CP? |
Protein supplements
Energy feed |
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NDF stands for?
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Neutral Detergent fibre (e.g. hemicellulose, cellulose and liginin)
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ADF stands for?
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Acid detergent fibres (e.g. cellulose and liginin)
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Detergent fibre analysis analyses?
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Plant components of feedstuffs, best method to determin quality
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High lignin content in roughage is considered?
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Bad
|
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Why is a high lignin content considered bad?
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Is higher in less digestible NDF and lower in more digestible ADF
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The fat soluble vitamins are?
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A, D,E & K
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Organic molecules which the body often cannot make itself in sufficient amounts, but which can be made by bacteria or plants are known as?
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Vitamins
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Vitamins are needed in ... amounts
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small
|
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Fat soluble vitamins are excreted via?
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Bile ---> Faeces
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A cause of deficiency of fat soluble vitamins is?
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Problems with absorption
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General features of fat soluble vitamins are?
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Lipid soluble, long chain hydrocarbons with ring structures
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Fat soluble vitamins are ..... ....., but have no known ..... ......
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fairly specific, enzymatic function
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Precursor of Vitamin A is? Where is found?
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Beta Carotene, found in plants (e.g. carrots)
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Beta carotene is high in what kind of hay? What causes it to be lost?
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Green legume hay, lost through bleaching or over heating
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All forms of Vitamin A are excreted in?
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Bile
|
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Vitamin is is absorbed through ... ...... and taken to the ..... or other tissues via .....
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Gut cylomicron, liver, blood
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Vitamin A is stored in the?
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Liver
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Vitamin A is transported in the blood by ..... or can be transported by ....?
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RBP (retinol binding protein), lipoproteins
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Vitamin A + opsin ----> ..... which is needed for .....
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Rhodopsin (Visual purple),needed for night vision
|
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What form of Vitamin A is needed for healthy epithelial cells?
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Retin A
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Vitamin A is especially need for? What happens with a deficiency?
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Remodeling mucous membranes in the GIT, mammary glands, in the mouth etc. When deficiency occurs, these areas become keratinized.
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The main functions of Vitamin A are?
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1) Vision 2) Maintainance of epithelial cells 3) Glycoprotein synthesis 4) Normal bone growth and remodeling 5) Cellular differentiation (via retinoic acid receptors)
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What are the 3 mains signs of Vitamin A deficiency?
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1) Night blindness 2) Xeropthalmia 3) Ataxia
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What is Xeropthalmia?
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Extensive keratinization around eyes and other epithelia and severe dryness and opacity of the cornea
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Vitamin A is routinely added to .... ..... feeds, but ..... on pasture do not need it
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Non Ruminants, Ruminants
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Toxicity levels are.... It can aslo be .....
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500,000-1,000,000 IU/Kg diet, Tetratogenic (causing birth defects)
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Animals in sunlight...
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....rarely need dietary Vitamin D
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Mammals use both the .... and .... forms, whereas birds use .... only
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D2, D3, D3
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Vitamin D absorption is dependent on .... in the diet, as there are no ...... ....... across the gut
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Fat, Specific carriers
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The active form of Vitamin D is? How does it behave in cells?
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1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC), Behaves like a steroid hormone
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Functions of DHCC?
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Increase serum Ca and affect P reabsorption
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What structures does DHCC act on?
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Blood, bone, kidney, gut and immune cells
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What happens in the case of low serum Ca?
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Increase in PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) secretion, Increased bone resorption and Ca retention by Kidney, increase in 1-hydroxylase activity in the kidney --> more 1,25diOH CC, which leads to increased bone resorption and increased Ca absorption in the gut.
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What are the diseases caused by Vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets or Osteomalacia (softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization)
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Toxicity levels of Vitamin D are? Symptoms of toxicity?
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Toxic at 300,000-1,000,000 IU/kg (species differences) Toxicity leads to calcification of soft tissue (e.g. heart and kidney) and excessive bone reabsorption
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The most common form of Vitamin E is?
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Alpha-tocopherol (Gamma and Beta forms of tocopherol are also available, but are less potent)
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For Vitamin E to be absorbed, .... is required in the diet
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Lipid
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Vitamin E is excreted in?
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Bile
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Vitamin E is found in all .... ..... but .... ...... ......
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Cell membranes, No true storage
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Vitamin E has .... placental transfer, especially in the .... and .....
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Poor, Lamb, Calf
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Funtion of Vitamin E is?
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Biological anti-oxidant (protects membranes from oxidative damage: its primary action is to trap peroxy radicals in cellular membranes)
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.... destroys peroxides, whereas ..... ... prevents their formation
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Selinium (Se), Vitamin E
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The signs of Vitamin E deficieny are?
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1) Encephalomalacia (mammals)/ Exudative diathesis (chicks) 2) RBC haemolysis (all species) 3) Embryonic degeneration (all species) 4) Vitamin E/Se deficiency --> white muscle disease (in ruminants, skeletal and cardicac muscle affected) 5) Impaired fertility in both sexes
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Non ruminants require ... of Vitamin E, whereas ruminants generally only require it when?
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10 IU/Kg, During times of stress
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For both ruminants and non ruminants, the anti-oxidant requirement ..... with ... .... diets
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Increases, High fat
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.Fresh legumes such as ... ..... and .... are good sources of Vitamin E, as are ..... ... and derivative foods.
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Clover, Alfalfa, Vegetable oils
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The forms of Vitamin K are? Where are they found?
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K1 (Plants), K2 (bacteria) K3 (synthetic form)
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For Vitamin K, ... is needed in the diet as there are no carriers. There is also no .....
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Fat, storage
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What organ may modify the side chain to form K2?
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The liver
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Vitamin K is required for the .... to synthesis four of the essential proteins required for .... .... formation
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Liver, Blood clots (the factors are II, VII, IX, X)
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Deficiency signs of Vitamin K are? Early sign of this deficiency is?
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Haemorages (often small, can be fatal). Early sign is increased clotting time
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What situations could casue Vitamin K deficiency?
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1) Animals in confined housing 2) From sweet clover poisoning, which occursfrom eating weather damaged clover which can contain dicomarol (a naturally occuring Vitamin K anatagonist) 3) Warfarin (rat poison)
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NR requirements for Vitamin K are ... because Gut microbes make it.
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Low (0.53mg/kg)
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Vitamin K requirements may be higher in ..... or ..... with antibiotic feeding because of reduced .... .....
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Swine or Poultry, Enteric Synthesis
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Water soluble vitamins are...
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....organic molecules that animals cannot synthesis, but plants and bacteria can
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Sources of water soluble vitamins are?
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Plants or bacteria
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Functions of B vitamins are?
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As co-enzymes
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As water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body, ..... ...... is unlikely
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Acute toxicity
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Water soluble vitamins are required in ..... ....., and are generally excreted in ....
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Small amounts, Urine
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In general, it is not the .... form of Vitamin B that serves as the coenzyme, but a .......
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Simple, Metabolite
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B vitamins are excreted in .... and circulated in the blood in ..... .....
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Urine, simple form
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The only B Vitamin which is stored is ......, for others, all excess uptake is excreted by the .....
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Vitamin B12, Kidneys
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Vitamin (B1) is also known as? Where is it absorbed?
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Thiamin, absorbed in the gut
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Thiamin is converted to a co-enzyme where?
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Liver
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The coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate is important for what processes?
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Carbohydrate and fat metabolism
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Signs of Thiamin deficiency are?
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Polyneuritis, poor appetite, hyper-irritability
|
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Polyneuritis is also known as?
|
Beri-Beri
|
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Sources of Thiamin are?
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Wholegrain (in seed coat of most grains), germ meal, forages, milk
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Nutrient requirements of Thiamin in NR are? Ruminants?
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Non-Ruminants 1-2mg/day, non ruminants-no dietary need
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Riboflavin is ..... ..... but destroyed by .....
|
Heat stable, light
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Riboflavin is ...... ......, and found in ...... associated with .... ......
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easily absorbed, binding protein
|
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Functions of riboflavin are??
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Coenzymes FAD and FMN (cofactors for dehydrogenases and oxidases)
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Riboflavin is required for?
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Energy metabolism & Electron transport
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How many macroelements are there?
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7
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Macroelements account for x % of minerals in the body.
|
98%
|
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6 general functions of macroelements
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1. Structure
2. Energy metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Muscle & nerve 5. Micronutrient functions (cofactors) 6. Productive functions (e.g. Ca in eggshells) |
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Why are they called macroelements?
|
1. % level in diet
2. mg % level in blood 3. most abudant elements of body |
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Where is the majority of Ca & P found in the body?
|
99% of Ca & 75-80% of P in bone
|
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Bone composition: % apatite & % organic material
|
50% apatite
50% organic |
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What are the 7 macrolements?
|
Ca, P
Na, Cl, K Mg S |
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Ca absorption is depenedent upon?
|
Vit D
|
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Ca absorption occurs in?
|
Small intestine (active) and lower gut (passive)
|
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Homeostasis of Ca is regulated at the level of
|
ionic Ca in blood
|
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If serum Ca increases, what hormone is released and what is its action?
|
Calcitonin sends Ca to the bone.
|
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If serum Ca decreases, which hormone is released and what is its action?
|
PTH
1. enhances Ca release from bone 2. formation of 1,25 DHCC 3. kidneys retain Ca 4. kidneys excrete P |
|
Ca deficiency signs? (5)
|
1. poor grown
2. tetany (think milk fever) 3. bone dz 4. repro failure 5. impaired production |
|
Chronic dietary excess of Ca can cause? (4)
|
1. decreased fat absorption (formation of Ca soaps in GIT)
2. excess calcification of bone & soft tissues (calcinosis) 3. suppressed parathyroid function (don't need PTH) 4. trace elements aren't absorbed |
|
Ca/P ratio in diet
|
2:1
|
|
2 major diseases associated w/ Ca & P
|
Rickets (young)
Osteomalacia (adults) |
|
What is rickets and osteomalacia?
|
bones aren't adequately calcified
|
|
What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
|
parathyroid tries to compensate for chronic low levels of Ca in diet
|
|
What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism called in horses?
|
Bran disease = swollen nose (monkeys get weird facial bones from it)
|
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Another name for milk fever?
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Parturient paresis (associated w/ fresh cows, i.e. just gave birth)
|
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How do you treat milk fever?
|
1. IV calcium gluconate
2. udder inflation (to slow Ca uptake by udder) |
|
How would a farmer prevent milk fever? (4)
|
1. Feed anionic salt
2. inject vit D3 a few days before calving 3. feed low Ca diet during dry period (few weeks before she calves) 4. Feed NH4Cl in late pregnancy (to enhance Ca absorption) |
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Ca requirements
|
NR = 0.4-3.5% (very high in chickens, need Ca for eggshells)
R = 0.15 - 0.6% |
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Is P absorption dependent on Ca absorption?
|
No, their absorption is independent of each other, even tho they both require Vit D
|
|
Sources of dietary P (3)
|
1. plants (have phytate, which isn't readily available to NR)
2. meat & bonemeal 3. supplements |
|
P deficiency signs (3)
|
1. Rickets
2. poor growth 3. PICA (aka depraved appetite.. eating wood etc) |
|
P requirements
|
NR = 0.3 - 0.6%
R = 0.15 - 0.5% |
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What macroelements are the three electrolytes?
|
Na, Cl, K
|
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Where are the electrolytes found in relation to the cell?
|
Na & Cl = ECF (plasma)
K = intracellular |
|
How are the electrolytes excreted?
|
urine
|
|
Dietary requirements of K, Na, Cl
|
K = 0.3-0.8
Na= 0.12-0.18 Cl= 0.13-0.15% |
|
Electrolyte imbalances can cause (4)
|
1. poor growth
2. bad eggshells 3. poor cartilage growth 4. milk fever |
|
Which macroelement is used as a laxative?
|
Mg (milk of magnesia...)
|
|
Major disease associated w/ Mg deficiency?
|
Grass tetany
|
|
What is grass tetany?
|
the beef cows get it on lush spring grass...
Walks stiffly, staggers, ends up w/ tetany. They get nervous because they can't move so they're breathing rapidly and not eating. |
|
How do you treat grass tetany?
|
IV Ca or Mg gluconate
|
|
How can you prevent grass tetany?
|
1. spray the grass w/ Mg or apply Mg lime to soil.
2. feed them Mg 3. Plant legumes in pasture |
|
Mg requirements
|
NR = 0.05%
R= 0.15-0.2 % |
|
Does MgO taste good?
|
No, has to be mixed in w/ other minerals.
|
|
How is sulfur mainly absorbed?
|
as cys & met (sulfate can be absorbed too)
|
|
R metabolism of sulfur
|
rumen bugs can use dietary sulfate to make cys & met
|
|
NR metabolism of sulfur
|
sulfur aa are absorbed, sent to the tissues, and catabolized. Free sulfate is released & excreted in the urine.
|
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Sulfur requirements
|
NR: same as for the S-aa
R: 0.18% (if fed corn silage, need to add Na2SO4 because it doesn't contain enough S) |
|
Which two species are buffers important in?
|
laying hens & early lactation dairy cows
|
|
What are three buffers?
|
NaHCO3
MgO CaCO3 |
|
Why are buffers beneficial for cows in early lactation? (3)
|
1. increases feed intake
2. increases milk fat 3. reduces stress |
|
Why are buffers beneficial to laying hens?
|
Prevents thin eggshells due to hot weather.
|
|
What are the 2 functional groups of essential trace elements?
|
Insoluble cations
Soluble ions |
|
Which 5 essential trace elements are insoluble cations?
|
Fe
Cu Zn Mn Co |
|
Which 4 essential trace elements are soluble ions?
|
Cr
Se I Mo |
|
How are the insoluble cations excreted?
|
Into gut (insoluble, so they won't be in the urine)
|
|
How are the soluble ions excreted?
|
In the urine.
|
|
Are insoluble cations or soluble ions generally bound to a carrier protein?
|
Insoluble cations
|
|
Functions of Fe? (3)
|
1. catalytic in Hb, myoglobin, cytochromes
2. O transport 3. redox rxns 4. electron transport |
|
How is iron lost from the body?
|
Blood loss.
|
|
How is iron carried in blood? In cells?
|
blood: transferrin
cells: ferritin |
|
Fe deficiency? (3)
|
1. anemia
2. poor growth 3. repro problems |
|
Fe requirements?
|
NR= 50-80
R= 25-40 mg/kg |
|
How is copper excreted?
|
in bile
|
|
What is copper's main function?
|
cofactor (in oxidases)
|
|
Where is copper stored?
|
liver (especially in the fetus)
|
|
Copper deficiency signs?
|
1. anemia
2. CT defects 3. depigmentation/loss of coat color |
|
Copper requirements?
|
NR= 2-6
R= 12 mg/kg |
|
Copper toxicity is especially dangerous in which species?
|
Sheep (25-30 mg/kg can kill them)
|
|
Storage of copper in the liver is 10x higher than in what spp?
|
pigs or cows
|
|
Zinc absorption is dependent upon what?
|
metallothionine
|
|
Which three trace elements compete for absorption?
|
Zn, Cu, Cd
|
|
what is zinc's main function?
|
part of enzymes
(carboxypeptidase, carbonic anhydrase, transcription factors, DNA polymerase & ribonuclease) |
|
Zn deficiency signs? (5)
|
1. severe growth reduction
2. skin lesions (perakeratosis) 3. poor repro, delayed puberty 4. bone lesions (~arthritis) 5. conjunctiva dz in cows |
|
Zn requirements
|
NR= 10-50 mg/kg
R = 15-40 mg/kg |
|
What substance in plants can "tie up" Zn?
|
phytate
|
|
Manganese metabolism:
|
complexes w/ proteins in portal blood.
Once in liver it can: 1. be secreted in bile 2. stored 3. complexed w/ transferrin for secretion |
|
What is the major function of Mn?
|
cofactors involved in bone & CT
|
|
Mn deficiency (3)
|
1. skeletal problems (poultry)
2. ataxia 3. sterility |
|
Mn requirements
|
NR = 2-55 mg/kg
R = 25 |
|
Cobalt's only known function?
|
component of B12
|
|
What species require cobalt and why?
|
ruminants--rumen bugs use it to make B12
|
|
Do NR require dietary cobalt?
|
No, they get B12 from their diet
|
|
Why do ruminants require dietary cobalt?
|
rumen bugs use it to make B12
|
|
Co requirements
|
R = 0.05-0.08 mg/kg
|
|
Co deficiency is a regional problem.
|
yeah, that was just a statement
|
|
Co/B12 functions (2)
|
1. propionate-->glucose (in liver)
2. normal RBC formation |
|
Co deficiency signs (4)
|
1. R are anemic and therefore tired
2. rough hair coat 3. anestrous 4. poor growth |
|
What is iodine used for?
|
to make thyroid hormones
|
|
How is excess iodine excreted?
|
urine
|
|
iodine deficiency diseases? (2)
|
1. Goiter (enlarged thyroid, it's trying to take up add'l I from blood)
2. Cretinism (retarded babies) |
|
Iodine requirements
|
NR = 0.20 mg/kg
R = 0.10 mg/kg |
|
Which form of Se is better absorbed? inorg or org?
|
Inorganic
|
|
What tissues does Se go to?
|
all
|
|
Toxic levels of Se can be excreted how?
|
via the lungs (it's volatile)
|
|
3 functions of Se
|
1. glutathione peroxidase, for antiox rxns
2. immunity (redox rxns) |
|
Se deficiency (2)
|
1. poor growth
2. pancreatic degeneration (regardless of vit E conc) 3. membrane oxidation |
|
Se requirements
|
R & NR = 0.1-0.3 mg/kg
|
|
Which Cr valence is absorbed best?
|
Cr +3
|
|
Cr deficiency signs (3)
|
1. reduced glucose tolerance
2. impaired energy metab 3. increased cholesterol |
|
What are the only 2 spp where Cr deficiency has been observed (they're both dumb)
|
rat and human
|
|
what is a good source of Cr?
|
brewer's yeast
|
|
What is the organic form of Cr and why is it important?
|
GTF (glucose tolerance factor)
allows cells to respond to insulin (glucose uptake) |
|
How is Cr excreted?
|
urine
|
|
What two enzymes is Mo a cofactor for?
|
1. Xanthine oxidase (for purine metab)
2. Sulfite oxidase (sulfite-->sulfate for S-aa metab) |
|
Dietary requirement of Mo
|
1-2 ppm
|
|
Toxicity level of Mo?
|
30-50 ppm
|
|
3 ways to correct deficiences in trace elements
|
1. put minerals in diet (as a separate ration, often as a trace mineral premix)
2. add trace minerals to trace mineralized salt (TMS) 3. Co capsule in rumen--a slow release capsule |
|
Why would you stick a Co capsule in the rumen?
|
Because the rumen bugs use Co to make B12
|
|
What are the 2 major energy storage forms in plants?
|
Starch and cellulose
|
|
CHO ratio?
|
1:2:1
|
|
How do 2 monosaccharides combine to form a disacch?
|
loss of an H2O
|
|
starch & glycogen have what kind of digestible bond?
|
alpha1-4 & alpha1-6
|
|
cellulose has what kind of bond?
|
beta1-4
|
|
example of a trisacch?
|
raffinose (G+F+Gal)
|
|
2 examples of polysacchs
|
Starch
Cellulose |
|
Make-up of starch
|
70-80% amylopectin (alpha1-6)
20-30% amylose (alpha1-4) |
|
Is amylose or amylopectin branched?
|
amylopectin
|
|
What enzymes are in the mouth?
|
sal amylase
|
|
What carb enzyme is in the stomach?
|
salivary amylase
|
|
What carb enzymes are in the small intestine?
|
pancreatic amylase
intestinal sucrase, lactase & maltase |
|
In the newborn NR, what carbohydrates are not absorbed?
|
di ,tri or polysacchs
|
|
What are mechanisms for glucose & galactose transport in NR?
|
1. active transport of glucose & galactose in small intestine via Na-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1
2. passive transport of glucose by GLUT proteins in intestine |
|
In NR, what is the majority of digested CHO?
|
glucose
|
|
In NR, where does the conversion of galactose --> F + G occur?
|
mucosal cell or hepatocyte
|
|
normal range of bld glucose in NR?
|
80-100 mg/dL
|
|
Glucose is used for? (3)
|
1. energy source
2. muscle glycogen 3. fat synthesis (if in excess) |
|
Metabolic conditions after a meal
|
1. BG increases
2. Insulin increases 3. Glycogen synthesis (musc & liver) 4. Other cells use it for energy (glucose oxidation) 5. Fat synthesis (adipose tiss in mammals; liver in birds) |
|
How long after a meal does the period of "glucose abundance" last?
|
1-2 hours
|
|
What are the sources of glucose during fasting? (3)
|
1. Glycogenolysis (glucagon is responsible)
2. Lipolysis & GNG (glucagon & epi) 3. Proteolysis |
|
Lipolysis:
|
TAG --> glycerol + 3 free FAs
(glycerol --> GNG = 3C) (FAs = energy = 54C) |
|
Ketogenic amino acids are a good source of
|
energy
|
|
Ketogenic amino acids result in the formation of:
|
3 ketone bodies
1. acetone 2. acetoacetic acid 3. beta-hydroxybutric acid |
|
Glucogenic aa result n the production of
|
glucose (via GNG)
(they give off NH2) |
|
What are the complex CHO in the ruminant diet? (7)
|
1. sugars
2. starches 3. fructosans (NSC) 4. cellulose 5. pectins 6. hemicellulose 7. lignin (SC) |
|
What does NSC & SC stand for?
|
non-structural carbs (fructosans) & structural carbs (lignin)
|
|
What is the main absorbed end production of CHO fermentaiton in the rumen?
|
VFAs
|
|
Is glucose absorbed in the rumen?
|
very little
|
|
How is the cellular requirement for glucose obtained in the ruminant if they dont' absorb much glucose?
|
continuous GNG in the liver
|
|
BG in ruminants?
|
40-60 mg/dL
|
|
Why is their reduced fluctuation of BG in ruminants? (4)
|
1. eat constantly (graze)
2. continuous VFA production 3. continuous digesta flow 4. continuous GNG |
|
What are the 2 sites of GNG?
|
Liver and kidney.
|
|
How many carbons in acetate?
|
2
|
|
Acetate metabolism:
|
acetate in rumen --> rumen wall --> portal vein --> liver --> general circulation
|
|
What are acetate's two uses?
|
1. energy source
2. substrate for FA synthesis |
|
Do ruminants have salivary amylase?
|
no
|
|
What enzyme do R use to digest strach that bypasses rumen fermentation?
|
pancreatic amylase
|
|
Why does a high fiber diet lead to a fat cow?
|
because the more fiber you have the more acetate is produced
|
|
how many carbons in propionate?
|
3
|
|
Thamin is also known as ??
|
Vitamin B1
|
|
Riboflavin is also known as ??
|
Vitamin B2
|
|
Niacin is also known as ??
|
Vitamin B3, Nicotoamide, nicotinic acid
|
|
Deficiency signs of riboflavin are?
|
1) Dermatitis and skin lesions, 2) Eye lesions and cataracts 3) Degeneration of nerves and leg paralysis 4) Reduced growth rate
|
|
Sources of riboflavin are?
|
Milk, green forages, fermentation products
|
|
Toxicity of riboflavin is ??
|
Very unlikely
|
|
Niacin is formed from ...., is ..... and ..... stable
|
Tryptophan, heat, light
|
|
Functions of riboflavin are?
|
Forms the co-enzyme NAD and NADP (cofactors for dehydrogenases, important for vitamin E metabolism)
|
|
Deficiency signs of riboflavin are?
|
Unhealthy skin and mucous membranes, Pellegra (humans), Black tounge (dogs), poor growth, dermatitis, perosis (chick)
|
|
What are the sources of Niacin?
|
Is widely distributed in many foods, no food is particularly rich in it
|
|
What is the fate of most (85%) of propionate in the rumen?
|
--> liver --> glucose in general circulation
|
|
Is there a lot of propionate in blood?
|
no
|
|
What happens to the other 15% of propionate from the rumen?
|
It's converted into lactate then sent to the liver to make glucose for the general circulation
|
|
Butyrate has how many carbons?
|
4
|
|
What happens to 25% of the butyrate in the rumen?
|
--> portal vein --> liver to make ketones
|
|
What happens to most of the butyrate in the rumen (75%)?
|
converted to beta-HBA and sent to the liver to make more ketones
|
|
What are the 3 ketones
|
beta-HBA
acetone acetoacetic acid |
|
How much butyric acid ends up in the general circulation?
|
not much
|
|
What are ketones used as?
|
1. energy source
2. substrate for fat synthesis |
|
If too many ketone bodies are in the blood, what is that called?
|
Ketosis
|
|
What are 5 common signs in ketosis of dairy cows?
|
1. hypoglycemia
2. ketonuria 3. loss of appetite 4. lethargy 5. depressed milk production |
|
When and why is ketosis a problem in dairy cows?
|
In early lactation during active lipolysis.
|
|
What are the 2 sources of ketone bodies?
|
Rumen wall (beta-HBA) & the liver (bHBA, acetone, acetoacetic acid)
|
|
"Fire, fuel & oxidation slide" says what about CHO Metab in R?
|
high fiber diet --> vfa absorption --> GNG --> glucose, acetate, & bHBA in blood
|
|
"Fire, fuel & oxidation slide" says what about CHO metab in N?
|
High soluble-CHO diet --> glucose absorption --> glucose in the blood
|
|
Where do the H+ ions from TCA cycle go?
|
to ETC for ox phos --> ATP
|
|
What is the first stage of respiration?
|
mobilization of acetyl-CoA
|
|
What 3 processes form ketogenic aa's?
|
1. glycolysis
2. fat mobilization (& beta-ox) 3. proteolysis |
|
What is the 3rd stage of respiration?
|
ET & ox phos
|
|
What is the final electron acceptor?
|
O2
|
|
What 3 poisons stop the ET chain?
|
1. CO
2. H2S 3. Cyanide |
|
Yield of ATP per electron pair?
|
2-3 depending upon where they enter the pathway
|
|
What are the 3 stages of respiration?
|
1. mobilization of acetyl CoA
2. TCA cycle --> H+ ions 3. ETC & ox phos |
|
What does glycolysis (EM pway) begin with?
|
phosphorylation rxn (hexokinase)
|
|
What is the most common substrate to contribute carbon to gylcolysis?
|
glucose
|
|
Glycolysis results in the formation of what triose compounds?
|
glucose --> pyruvate --> lactate
|
|
Net yield of x ATP for each glucose oxidized
|
2 ATP
|
|
Where does TCA occur?
|
mitochondrion
|
|
TCA cycle requires input of acetyl-CoA from 2 sources
|
1. activation of acetate from blood
2. pyruvate from glycolysis |
|
What can be converted to acetyl-CoA for oxidation in the TCA cycle?
|
bHBA
|
|
Net input into TCA
|
acetyl-CoA
|
|
net output of TCA
|
2 CO2
GTP 4 pairs of H+ |
|
TCA = citric acid (6C) -->
|
OAA (4C)
|
|
net yield of energy per glucose oxidized?
|
36 ATP
|
|
What are the major precursors for GNG? (4)
|
1. Propionate
2. Lactate 3. Glucogenic aa 4. Glycerol |
|
Are FA's a precursor for GNG?
|
no
|
|
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in GNG?
|
PEP-CK (PEP carboxykinase)
|
|
What are the C-skeletons of glucogenic aa's converted to?
|
Lactate or alpha-ketoglutarate (--> glucose)
|
|
Primary energy substrate absorbed from the GIT in NR & R?
|
NR = glucose
R = VFAs |
|
Primary substrate for fat synthesis in NR & R?
|
NR = glucose
R = acetate |
|
Niacin availabilty is poor in?
|
Corn, Milo and Wheat (Corn is also lowin tryptophan, a niacin precursor)
|
|
Pyridoxine is also known as ??
|
Vitamin B6
|
|
Pyridoxine diffuses from ... ..... into .....
|
Gut lumen, entrocytes
|
|
The function of pyridoxine is?
|
Forms coenzyme pyridoxal-phosphate, which is involved in transamination and deamination reactions
|
|
Sources of pyridoxine are?
|
Most feeds are good sources, especially good sources are meat, liver and wholegrains
|
|
Deficiency signs of pyridoxine are?
|
1) Dermatitis 2) Convulsions 3) Anemia 4) Poor Growth 5) Skeletal defects
|
|
Toxicity of pyridoxine is ??
|
Unlikely
|
|
Folic acid is synthesised ..... by ....
|
entrically, bacteria
|
|
Functions of folate are?
|
As a coenzyme needed for synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, serine & creatine
|
|
Deficiency signs of folate are?
|
Macrocytic anemia, poor immunity, spinal defects
|
|
Extent of glucose absorption from gut in NR & R?
|
NR = extensive
R = little |
|
Cellular demand for glucose in NR & R?
|
high for both
|
|
Importance of GNG precursors in NR & R?
|
NR = important (glycerol, aa)
R = VERY important (propionate, glycerol, aa) |
|
Ketone production in NR & R?
|
NR = always abnormal, always ketosis
R = ketosis if EXCESSIVE |
|
Are CHOs expensive?
|
no, cheap
|
|
What are the key metabolic pathways for glucose oxidation? (3)
|
1. glycolysis
2. TCA cycle 3. ET/Ox phos |
|
What are the CROSSROADS in metabolic pways? (4)
|
1. glucose
2. glucose-6-P 3. acetate 4. acetyl-CoA |
|
Levels of folate are .... to ..... in most feeds
|
fair, good
|
|
Requirements of folate increase with high levels of ??
|
Dietary proteins
|
|
Vitamin B12 is also known as ??
|
Cyanocobalamin
|
|
Vitamin B12 requires .... .... ... for absorption into the ....
|
Stomach intrinsic factor, ileum.
|
|
When Vitamin B12 is transported in blood it is bound to ??
|
Transcobalmin
|
|
Functions of Vit B12 are?
|
Methyl group and propionate metabolism in gluconeogenisis
|
|
Deficiency signs of Vit B12 are?
|
1) Macrocytic anaemia 2) Neurological problems 3) Poor growth 4) Poor appetite
|
|
Good sources of Vit B12 are?
|
Fermentation products or animal products (not found in plants)
|
|
Need for Vit B12 is increased in diets which are high in ??
|
Propionate or protein
|
|
Toxicity of Vit B12 is ??
|
Not a concern
|
|
Pantothenic acid is .... ....., and circulates as .....
|
Readily absorbed, CoA
|
|
Pantothenic acid is supplemented as??
|
A Calcium salt
|
|
Functions of Pantothenic acid are?
|
Part of coenzyme A (involved in fat and energy metabolism etc.)
|
|
Deficiency signs of Pantothenic acid are?
|
1) Dermatitis 2) Nerve problmes (goose stepping in swine) 3) Depressed growth 4) Fatty liver
|
|
Pantothenic acid is .... ..... in feed, but low in .... and some other seed grains
|
Widely distributed, Corn
|
|
Functions of Biotin are?
|
Coenzyme for CHO and fat metabolism, used for "CO2 fixation", FA synthesis, Gluconogenesis, Deamination
|
|
Deficiency signs of biotin are?
|
1) Dermatitis & skin lesions 2) Loss of hair 3) Perosis (chick)
|
|
Dietary sources of biotin are?
|
It is widely distributed (unavailable in Milo and Wheat) (avidin in raw eggs binds to biotin and makes it unavailable)
|
|
Ascorbic acid is also known as??
|
Vitamin C
|
|
Functions of Vit C are?
|
Connective tissue metabolism, Fe absorption, Fe and Cu metabolism, essential in the formation of collagen
|
|
Define lipids
|
organic
insoluble in water soluble in ether, chloroform, or benzene |
|
5 classes of lipids
|
fats
oils sterols waxes phospholipids |
|
7 traits of lipids
|
1. concentrated form of energy
2. insulation 3. organ padding 4. structural element of cell 5. component of hormones & prostaglandins 6. increase abs of fat sol nutrients 7. reduce dustiness of feed |
|
define simple lipids
|
esters of FAs w/ various alcohols
|
|
define fats
|
esters of FAs w/ glycerol
(e.g. TAG) |
|
lipids contain more H or O?
|
more O
|
|
besides, CHO, what elements can lipids contain?
|
P, N
|
|
define complex lipids
|
esters of FAs containing groups in addition to an alcohol & a FA
|
|
3 classes of complex lipids
|
1. phospholipids
2. glycolipids 3. other |
|
define phospholipid
|
phosphoric acid + N-containing bases
|
|
Deficiency signs of Vit C are?
|
1) Scurvy (man) poor gums, loose teeth 2) Impaired wound heeling 3) Hemorhaging 4) Poor bones
|
|
Sources of Vit C are?
|
Fruits and Vegetables (e.g. citrus fruits, tomatoes & potatoes)
|
|
The .... and the ... ... are unusual in having a dietary requirement for Vit C
|
Monkey, Guinea Pig
|
|
In ruminants, what are the 3 vitamins that are typically added to the feed of young ruminants?
|
Vitamins A, D & E
|
|
Ruminants generally have Water soluble vitamins added to their diets when?
|
In high stress situations
|
|
In Non ruminants, what vitamins are generally added to the diet?
|
Vitamins A, D, E (or anti oxidants) & K (in chicks)
|
|
Riboflavin is generally added to ... ..., as ..... are low in it, and it is inexpensive
|
most feeds, grains
|
|
Niacin is added to .... diets
|
corn
|
|
All plants based diets have which vitamins added?
|
Riboflavin and Vit B12
|
|
define sterol
|
lipids w/ phenanthrene-type ring structure
|
|
examples of sterols
|
steroid hormones (cholesterol)
|
|
what 3 things can cholesterol be made into?
|
bile
steroid hormone vitamin D |
|
how many carbons in a FA?
|
2-24C
|
|
most FAs have an even # of C, but _______ can be odd #, and even have ________ chains
|
bacteria; branched chains
|
|
acetic = x C
|
2
|
|
myristic = x C
|
14
|
|
stearic acid (octadecanoic)
|
C18:0
|
|
oleic acid (octadeconic acid)
|
C18;1
|
|
linoleic acid (octadecadienoic acid)
|
C18:2
|
|
linolenic acid (octadecatrienoic acid)
|
C18:3
|
|
FAs in plants (vs animals)
|
unsaturated
grains: High C18:2 (linoleic acid) hay: High C18:3 (linolenic acid) |
|
FAs in animals (vs plants)
|
sat & unsat
High C16:0 & C18:1 (oleic acid) |
|
Plants are high in what kind of FA?
|
unsaturated--18:2 & 18:3 (linoleic & linolenic)
|
|
Level of fat in typical diets:
|
R: very low (<5%)
NR: 10-30% |
|
Fat in pig diet
|
<10%
|
|
Fat in poultry diet
|
<10%
|
|
Fat in cat/dog diet
|
20-30%
|
|
Essential FAs (3)
|
linoleic (18:2)
linolenic (18:3) arachidonic (C20:4) |
|
Where are the essential FAs found?
C18:2 C18:3 C20:4 |
18:2 = grains, P,A
18:3 = P, ~A 20:4 = A |
|
Signs of EFA deficiency (4)
|
1. skin lesions
2. repro failure 3. edema 4. subq hemmorhage |
|
Why isn't EFA deficiency seen in R?
|
the bugs make EFAs
|
|
What is the key requirement for fat digestion?
|
solubility
|
|
What is solubility enhanced by in lipid absorption? (3)
|
1. micelles
2. chylomicrons 3. lipoproteins |
|
What 4 things does bile consist of?
|
1. bile salts
2. Plipids 3. cholesterol 4. bicarb |
|
How does bile return to the liver?
|
via enterohepatic circulation
|
|
What are the 2 functions of bile?
|
1. increase pH
2. act as detergenet to emulsify lipids for lipase action |
|
salivary & gastric lipase do what?
|
TAG + H2O --> DG + FA --> MG + FA
|
|
What 4 things does pancreatic juice consist of?
|
1. pancreatic lipase
2. phospholipase 3. cholesterol esterase 4. bicarbonate |
|
where is intestinal lipase from?
|
enterocytes
|
|
What does intestinal lipase do?
|
TAG + H2O --> 2-MG + 2 free FAs
|
|
Where does lipid absorption mainly occur?
|
jejunum (passive abs)
|
|
Most short-chain FAs are absorbed....
|
directly into portal blood
|
|
There is re-assembly of TAG in the enterocyte & formation of what?
|
a chylomicron
|
|
Where do chylomicrons go?
|
into lymphatic vessels
|
|
What is the mechanism for cholesterol excretion?
|
the 1-5% bile acids & cholesterol not abs in the small intestine
|
|
What kind of diet promotes cholesterol & bile salt excretion via feces?
|
High fiber
|
|
What do rumen bugs hydrolyze in order to produce FFAs?
|
TAGs & forage galactolipids
|
|
What 2 things are fermented to VFAs?
|
glycerol & galactose
|
|
The rumen is a REDUCING envt. Therefore, FAs are _______ to a more ___________ state by the bugs.
|
hydrogenated; saturated
|
|
What are factors influencing abs of lipids? (5)
|
1. degree of sat
2. FA chain length 3. amount of fat consumed 4. overheating & autooxidation 5. amount of dietary Ca |
|
Increased saturation has what effect on digestibility?
|
decreases
|
|
>18C FA chain has what effect on digestibility?
|
decreased
|
|
high fat diet has what effect on digestibility & abs
|
decreases dig & abs
|
|
What is autooxidation?
|
rancidification of double bond of FA
|
|
the higher the dietary Ca, the _____ the abs of FAs
|
lower
|
|
FAs are ____________ to a more _____________ state by rumen bugs, because the rumen is a _______________ envt.
|
hydrogenated; saturated; reducing
|
|
The FA arriving at the SI in ruminants are the same as what they ate. T/F
|
False. different
|
|
how are lipids transported in the body
|
lipoproteins
|
|
Lipoprotein core=
|
cholesterol esters & TAGs
|
|
Lipoprotein has a hydrophilic outside consisting of (3)
|
apoprotein
phospholipid cholesterol |
|
Classification of lipoproteins from low to high density (4)
|
chylomicron/portomicron
VLDL LDL HDL |
|
Which lipoprotein has the most TAG?
|
chylomicrons
|
|
Which lipoproteins are from the liver? (3)
|
VLDL
LDL HDL |
|
What do HDLs do w/ cholesterol?
|
take it from tissue --> liver
|
|
The function of lipoproteins is to
|
transport lipids to tissues
|
|
What is the "good" cholesterol?
|
HDL
|
|
define Lipogenesis
|
TAG synthesis
|
|
What 2 things do you need for TAG synthesis/lipogenesis?
|
FA + glycerol
|
|
Define beta-oxidation
|
Oxidation of FA's so that 2C units are liberated to generate Acetyl-CoA (for futher oxidation in the TCA cycle)
|
|
all the acetyl-CoA from beta-oxidation go to?
|
TCA --> CO2
|
|
What is the opposite of lipolysis?
|
Esterification
|
|
Is there higher absorption of sat or unsat FAs?
|
unsaturated (e.g. oleic 18:1 & linoleic 18:2)
|
|
saturated fats are precursors for
|
cholesterol
|
|
Where do FA & TAG synthesis occur in mammals and birds?
|
mammals = adipose tissue
birds = liver |
|
What is the major substrate for TAG synthesis in NR?
|
glucose
|
|
What is the major substrate for TAG synthesis in R?
|
acetate
|
|
Whenever we hear about acetate, it's all about making ?
|
FAT
|
|
What tissues can oxidize FAs?
|
liver, muscle, and others
|
|
After a high-fat meal, what is numerous in the blood?
|
chylomicrons
|
|
After a high fat meal, where does lipogenesis occur primarily from?
|
dietary FAs
|
|
After a high CHO meal, lipogenesis occurs from ____ or ____.
|
glucose or acetate
|
|
In the post-absorptive state, there are lots or little chylomicron?
|
little
|
|
In the post-absorptive state, what process begins & why?
|
lipolysis; to increase FFAs in blood for energy & LDL synthesis
|
|
Obesity is BMI > x
|
30
|
|
What is the normal amount of fat in the liver vs Fatty Liver Syndrome?
|
5% --> >30%
|
|
What 4 things can cause Fatty Liver Syndrome?
|
1. High fat or CHO diet
2. excessive lipid mobilization 3. impaired liver transport from liver 4. liver damage |
|
Dietary lipids provide what two things to animals?
|
Energy & EFAs
|
|
What is the most expensive component of the diet?
|
Protein
|
|
Most body protein is where?
|
in body fluids & muscle
|
|
What is the mnemonic to remember the dietary essential aa's?
|
MATT HILL VP
|
|
What are the dietary essential aa's?
|
met, arg, tryptophan, threonine
histidine, isolecuine, leuc, lys valine, phenylalanine |
|
methionine =
|
S-aa
|
|
arg, histidine, lys =
|
basic aa
|
|
tryptophan =
|
heterocyclic aa
|
|
isoleucine, leucine, valine =
|
branched chain aa
|
|
phenylalanine =
|
aromatic aa
|
|
Essential aa are not ______________________________________ in sufficient amounts to meet all metabolic needs.
|
synthesized in body tissues
|
|
How is a peptide bond formed?
|
carboxyl group + amino group - H2O (condensation rxn)
|
|
What protein digesting enzymes are located in the NR stomach?
|
pepsin & HCl (prot --> peptides/peptones)
|
|
What protein digesting enzympes are in pancreatic juice? (4)
|
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase (--> peptides & di/tripeptides)
|
|
What protein digesting enzymes are in the intestinal musoca? (2)
|
aminopeptidase & dipeptidase (--> free aa's)
|
|
What is better to absorb: peptides or aa?
|
PEPTIDES
|
|
Why are peptides better to absorb?
|
peptides require no energy for abs; free amino acids do
This req less digestion by proteolytic enzymes |
|
What are the 3 fates of dietary protein (or N) in R?
|
1. RUP (escapes breakdown in rumen & goes to abomasum)
2. microbial fermentation of protein 3. microbial fermentation of NPN |
|
What eventually happens to N from
-microbial fermentation of protein & -microbial fermentation of NPN? |
it is converted to bacterial protein & goes to the abomasum
|
|
So where does all dietary N eventually go?
|
Abomasum.
|
|
NH3 is toxic, so what does the body do with it?
|
the liver converts it to urea
|
|
What happens to urea?
|
recycled back to rumen via saliva, or
excreted via the kidneys |
|
What is the protein in the abomasum a mixture of?
|
RUP & microbial protein
|
|
RUP is related to
|
solubility
|
|
very soluble proteins are....
|
rapidly degraded by rumen bugs
|
|
insoluble proteins...
|
remain intact in rumen, and are digested in the abomasum & SI
|
|
very insol proteins...
|
are poorly digested even in the stomach & SI
|
|
What is the goal of dietary protein?
|
intermediate solubility, so that some good qual plant protein bypasses the rumen & some is fermented to make microbial protein
|
|
Treatments to make very soluble proteins intermediately soluble = (3)
|
1. mild heating
2. dehydration pelleting 3. formaldehyde treatment |
|
NPN sources for R (3)
|
1. urea
2. biuret 3. NH4 salts (e.g. lactate or phosphate) |
|
Methods to feed NPN (4)
|
1. add to silage or corn
2. add to mixed feed 3. LPS (liquid protein suppl.) 4. put in vitamin-mineral premix |
|
Why are NPN sources used in R?
|
they're a cheap source of CP
|
|
How are NPNs used by rumen microbes?
|
to synthesize C skeletons
|
|
NH3 levels need to be kept low because
|
too much NH3 is toxic
|
|
Once proteins enter the abomasum, dig & abs
|
are similar to that in NRs.
|
|
3 main fates of aa after absorption
|
1. tissue protein synthesis
2. synth of enz, hormones 3. deamination & transamination (& use of C skeleton for energy) |
|
What is the key organ in N metabolism?
|
liver
|
|
What does the liver do w/ N? (3)
|
1. synthesizes proteins
2. supplies aa to circulation 3. processes excess N for excretion |
|
What is deamination?
|
aa --> C skeleton + NH3
for aa degradation & removal for synth of non-ess aa's for energy during starvation |
|
C skeletons of aa's are either:
|
ketogenic or glucogenic
|
|
nonessential/dispensable aa's make up x % of tissue protein
|
40-50%
|
|
What is transamination?
|
interconverts a pair of aa and a pair of keto acids
|
|
what does transmation require?
|
vitamin B6
|
|
Most aa--but not all--undergo trans/deamination
|
transamination
|
|
How is N excreted?
|
as urea
|
|
What is the structure of urea
|
O
NH2--C--NH2 |
|
What two animals have no urea cycle?
|
birds & reptiles (egg layers)
|
|
What do birds & reptiles convert N to for excretion?
|
uric acid = purine ring structure
|
|
uric acid is sol/unsol & toxic/non-toxic
|
soluble & non-toxic
|
|
about 50% of CP req = essential aa req & 50% = non-essential aa req
|
True
|
|
What are the 3 top limiting aa's
|
met, lys, thr
|
|
what are the 3 limiting aa to produce milk?
|
cys, thr, met
|
|
What is the limiting aa in most diets of pigs?
|
lysine
|
|
3 limiting aa to produce milk
|
cys, met, thr
|
|
limiting aa in pigs
|
lys
|
|
2 limiting aa in poultry & horse
|
met, lys
|
|
soybean meal contains what bad thing? how do you get rid of it?
|
trypsin inhibitor (inhib prot dig)
mild heating/roasting |
|
cottonseed meal contains what bad thing?
|
gossypol (toxic to NR)
also, sterulic acid |
|
nutrition
|
is making me want to scream
|
|
peanut meal contains what bad thing?
|
aflatoxin
|
|
low protein diet --> (4)
|
1. poor growth
2. poor production 3. poor feed efficiency 4. increased fat |
|
severe protein deficiency --> (3)
|
1. poor growth
2. aa imbalance 3. deficiency signs |
|
excess protein --> (5)
|
1. $$
2. normal growth 3. big kidneys 4. increased drinking 5. higher vitamin needs |
|
if diet has excess of an individual aa -->
|
poor growth
|
|
adequate aa pattern but low energy in diet -->
|
reduced growth because aa are degraded and used as an E source
|
|
There are x naturally occurring aa
|
20
|
|
There are x dietary essential aa for NR's
|
10-12
|
|
Rumen microflora ferments most diet N, so a mixture of _______ + ___________ moves into the abomasum.
|
microbial protein & RUP
|
|
Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Antelopes are classed as?
|
Herbivores
|
|
Lions and Dogs are classed as?
|
Carnivores
|
|
Pigs are classed as?
|
Omnivores
|
|
The true stomach of ruminants is known as the ..... and it performs the same functions as the stomach as ......
|
Abomasum, Monogastric
|
|
The end products of digestion of both the ruminant and monogastric stomach are?
|
Metabolizable energy (Kcal from CHO), Amino acids (body building blocks), Fatty acids and Glycerol (from lipids)
|
|
Animal feeds can be classifed into?
|
Roughages, Concentrates, Succulents
|
|
Roughages are?
|
Bulky feedstuffs which have a high fibre content
|
|
The CF content of roughages is more than?
|
18%
|
|
Meat and Bone meal is obtained by?
|
Heating, drying and grinding whole or part of animals from which fat may be partially extracted or physically removed
|
|
Meat and bone meal is free from?
|
Hooves, horns, bristles, hair, feathers & digective tract contents
|
|
Meat meal is high in ? It is also rich in what?
|
Crude Protein (66-70% for reference) , Ash, Ca, P, Mn, B complex
|
|
Well processed fish is rich in which essential amino acids?
|
Lysine, cystine, methionine, and tryptophan
|
|
Digestibility of fish meal is?
|
93-95%
|
|
Minerak content of fish meal is?
|
10-22%
|
|
Energy of fish meal is?
|
14MJ/Kg DM
|
|
Inclusion of fish meal in the diet is?
|
50kg/ton
|
|
How is blood meal obtained?
|
By drying the blood of slaughtered animals
|
|
Blood used for blood meal is steamed to what temperature to ensure seterilisation?
|
100 degrees Celcius
|
|
Protein content of blood meal is?
|
80%
|
|
Blood meal has low ...... and is fairly .....
|
Digestibility, Unpalatable
|
|
Inclusion of blood meal in the diet is?
|
10-20kg/ton
|
|
To make blood meal palatable, what is added to it?
|
Molasses
|
|
Inclusion of blood meal in the diet is?
|
10-20kg/ton
|
|
To make blood meal palatable, what is added to it?
|
Molasses
|
|
Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) feedstuffs are?
|
Feedstuffs that contain nitrogen in a form other than protein
|
|
Organic NPN compounds include:
|
Ammonia, Amides, Amines, Amino Acids, Some peptides
|
|
Inorganic NPN includes salts such as:
|
Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Sulphate
|
|
Of all the NPNs, which dominates for feeding animals with a function rumen as a substitute for protein feed?
|
Urea
|
|
Urea has a nitrogen content of?
|
46.6%
|
|
Urea is rapidly hydrolysed to ... which is incoporated into ... .... and microbial protein by .... ....
|
Ammonia, amino acids, ruminal bacteria
|
|
Urea must not be consumed to rapidly by the animal because?
|
It may be toxic or leathal
|
|
What must urea be consumed with and why?
|
Readily available CHO, to prevent toxicity
|
|
Not more than .... of total nitrogen should be supplied by Urea
|
1/3
|
|
Which animals should NEVER be given Urea?
|
Young ruminants and monogastrics
|
|
Single Cell Proteins (SCP) are obtained from?
|
Single cell organisms, such as algae, yeast, bacteria
|
|
Ingredients that contain more than ... of their total weight in crude protein are known as?
|
Protein supplements
|
|
Algae contains rougly?
|
50% protein, 6-7% fibre, 4-6% fat, 6% ash
|
|
Energy rich concentrates are?
|
Feedstuffs that are added to the ration in order to increase to increase the energy intake, or increase energy density of the feed
|
|
Examples of energy rich concentrates are?
|
Cereal grains and their milling by-products, liquid feeds (molasses), fat and oils
|
|
Energy from high energy feedstuffs is supplied by?
|
Readily available CHO e.g. sugar/starches, fats or oils
|
|
Feedstuffs are labelled "high energy" because?
|
The avaiable energy is much greater per unit of DM compared with that of roughages
|
|
High energy foods generally have ... to .... level of protein
|
Low, moderate
|
|
Corn is?
|
Highly digestable and palatable
|
|
Energy content of corn is?
|
3,400 Kcal or 14.2 MJ of ME/Kg DM
|
|
Protein content of corn is?
|
9-14%
|
|
Corn is low in?
|
Lysine, tryptophan, and Crude Fibre
|
|
Corn has an oil content of?
|
4-6%
|
|
The inclusion of corn in swine ration is?
|
10-20%
|
|
Sorghum is?
|
More drought resistant than corn
|
|
Energy content of sorghum is?
|
3250 Kcal or 13.6 MJ of ME/Kg DM
|
|
Crude Protein content of sorghum is?
|
11-12%
|
|
Sorghum is defiecient in?
|
Lysine and theronine
|
|
The anti nutritional factors that supress digestibiltiy in some forms of sorghum are?
|
Tannin and Prussic acid
|
|
Barley is a popular feed for which animal?
|
Pigs
|
|
Energy content of Barley is?
|
13.3 MJ/kg DM
|
|
Crude Protein content of Barley is?
|
6-16%
|
|
Barley is deficient in?
|
Lysine
|
|
What is the name given to a number of species of cereals, that produce small grains widely cultivated in the tropics?
|
Millet
|
|
What is the Crude protein content of millet? Crude fibre content?
|
10-12%, 2-9%
|
|
How much of the wheat produced worldwide is used as animal feed?
|
20%
|
|
Wheat has a better ..... .... distribution than most cereal grains
|
amino acid
|
|
Wheat can cause what problem in un-adapted animals
|
Indegestion
|
|
Some by-products of milling that are used in animal feeds are?
|
Brewer's grain waste (BGW), Rice polishing, Maize bran, Wheat pollard
|