Animal Nutrition

Front 1

what is the photosynthesis equation?

Back 1

6CO2 + 6H2O + 673 Kcal (solar) = C6H12O6 + 6H2O

Front 2

what in the internal respiration equation?

Back 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP

Front 3

the goal of mankind is to exploit/ manage animals efficiently and in a sustainable manner in order to produce what 6 things?

Back 3

1. meat
2. milk
3. eggs
4. fiber
5. draught power
6. leisure

Front 4

what are some examples of herbivores?

Back 4

cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes, elk

Front 5

what are some examples of carnivores?

Back 5

lions, dogs

Front 6

what is an example of an omnivore?

Back 6

pig

Front 7

what are some examples of monogastrics?

Back 7

pigs, rabbits, poultry, equines

Front 8

the ____ stomach of ruminants perform the same function as that of monogastric stomachs.

Back 8

abomasum

Front 9

what are the end products of the abomasum and monogastric stomach? (three)

Back 9

1. metabolizable energy (Kcal from CHO)
2. Amino acids (body building blocks)
3. fatty acids and glycerols (from lipids)

Front 10

what are the 3 things animal feeds can be classified into?

Back 10

1. roughages
2. concentrates
3. succulents

Front 11

____ are bulky feedstuffs which have high fiber contents?

Back 11

roughages

Front 12

what is the CF content of roughages?

Back 12

>18%

Front 13

what is the primary feed for all herbivorous animals?

Back 13

roughages

Front 14

what are some examples of roughages?

Back 14

pasture, hay, straws

Front 15

are monogastrics able to digest roughages?

Back 15

they have a very low ablility to do so.

Front 16

what are the 3 factors affecting nutritive values of roughages?

Back 16

1. stage of marturity
2. soil fertiliity
3. harvest and storage methods

Front 17

The digestibility of DM ____ as plant matures especially grass varieties. This is attributed to increase in cell wall contents ____ and ___ and decrease in cell contents ____ ____

Back 17

declines
cellulose and lignin
crude protein

Front 18

the productivity and quality of pasture is determined by ?

Back 18

soil fertility

Front 19

rangelands are relatively ___ in fertility?

Back 19

low because of leaching or shallow and alkaline soils

Front 20

grass/legume pastures are recommended for soil fertility becauase they have the ability to do what?

Back 20

fix nitrogen in the soil and grass take advantage of nitrogen

Front 21

sun bleached hay will result in rapid loss of what?

Back 21

carotines (precursor to vitamin A)

Front 22

poorly cured hay looses ___ ___ and can have ____

Back 22

nutritive value
molds

Front 23

what are two major groups of pasture species?

Back 23

grasses (monocotyledons)
legumes (dicotyledons)

Front 24

Grasses have a high quality of ___ and ___ and have ___ ___ content

Back 24

high quality of starch and cellulose and low protein content

Front 25

legumes have good quality ____ and _____ mainly _____ _____ and _____

Back 25

proteins and minerals mainly calcium, magnesium, and sulphur

Front 26

forages can be conserved as ___ or ____

Back 26

hay or silage

Front 27

what is the difference between hay and silage?

Back 27

silage we keep air out and green materials undergo fermentation under anaerboic conditions.
In Hay, we keep the moisture low through drying the green materials.

Front 28

what is a concentrate?

Back 28

described as feed or feed mixture, which supplies primary nutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fat)

Front 29

concentrates contain ___ crude fiber and has low moisture?

Back 29

less than 18%

Front 30

concentrates are high in ___ and ___ but low in ___

Back 30

high in nitrogen free extracts and total digestible nutrients but low in crude fiber

Front 31

what are the 2 types of concentrates?

Back 31

1. protein rich concentrates
2. energy rich concentrates

Front 32

what are the 4 things that classify protein-rich concentrates?

Back 32

1. plant protein concentrates
2. animal protein concentrates
3. non-protein nitrogen feedstuffs.
4. single cell proteins.

Front 33

Several oil bearing seeds are grown for vegetable oil for human food. The by-products after oil extraction form ___ rich products for feeding livestock.

Back 33

protein rich products

Front 34

what are some examples of plant proteins when after their oils are removed, the byproduct is used for livestock feed?

Back 34

soybean meal, cotton seed cake, sunflower cake, ground nut cake, coconut or copra cake, peas meal.

Front 35

how much oil does whole soybean contain?

Back 35

15-21% oil

Front 36

soybean meal contains ___% CP, ___% fat, and ___% CF

Back 36

35% CP
18% fat
5% CF

Front 37

the concentration of what 2 AA are sub-optimal in soybean meal?

Back 37

cysteine and methionine

Front 38

what are the toxic stimulatory and inhibitory substances that soybean meal contains?

Back 38

toxic stimulatory and inhibitory substances such as allergens, goitrogenic and anti coagulant factors

Front 39

what does the protease inhibitor in SBM partly responsible for?

Back 39

growth retarding when raw or non-heat treated soybean meal is fed to animals

Front 40

to inactivate the trypin inhibitor, soybean is heated to ___ C for __ min.

Back 40

100 C for 3 min.

Front 41

does SBM protease inhibitors pose a danger to ruminants?

Back 41

no

Front 42

SBM is poor in vitamin _ and must be supplemented with ___ ___

Back 42

vitamin b
animal protein

Front 43

cotton seed cake has good quality ____ but is low in which 3 AA?

Back 43

protein
cysteine, methionine, and lysine

Front 44

what is the Ca: P ratio in cotton seed cake, what can happen because of this?

Back 44

1:6
can cause deficiency symtoms

Front 45

cotton seed cake is a good source of _____ but poor source of ____

Back 45

thiamine
carotene

Front 46

cotton seed cake contains DM of yellow pigment called ______ which is anti-oxidant and inhibitor/toxic to young monogastrics?

Back 46

gossylpol

Front 47

what are the 4 major symptoms of gossypol toxicity?

Back 47

1. anorexia
2. weight loss
3. dypsnea (difficulty breathing)
4. cardiac irregularity

Front 48

are ruminants sensitive to gossypol toxicitiy?

Back 48

no

Front 49

how much fiber content does sunflower cake have?

Back 49

42%

Front 50

sunflower cake is low in ___ but has twice as much ___ as soybean.

Back 50

low in lysine
methionine

Front 51

ground nut cake is low in ___, ____, ___ and ____

Back 51

cystine
methionine
vitamin B12
calcium

Front 52

ground nut cake should nut exceed __% of the diet?

Back 52

25%

Front 53

what does ground nut cake contain ?

Back 53

anti-trypsin

Front 54

coconut or copra cake is highly sustainable to ___ when stored.

Back 54

rancidity

Front 55

coconut or copra cake is low in ___ and ___.

Back 55

lysine and histidine

Front 56

since coconut or copra cake is high in fiber content, it should not be feed to ___ and should be fed in smaller amounts to___.

Back 56

monogastrics
pigs

Front 57

what does coconut meal need to be supplemented with to balance the aa profile?

Back 57

animal protein

Front 58

peas meal is low in __ content

Back 58

CP

Front 59

peas meal has a high content of ___, ___, and ____

Back 59

lysine, methionine, and cystine

Front 60

all roughages contain more than --%?

Back 60

18% CF

Front 61

for feed to be considered a protein concentrate is must contain more than __% CP?

Back 61

18%

Front 62

what is gossypol

Back 62

a yellow pigment found in cotton seed cake. It is an anti-oxidant and inhibitor/ toxic to young monogastric diets of pigs and poultry shouldnot contain more than 100g. free gossypol/kg.