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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most important nutrient?
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water
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what is the greatest percentage of an animals body composed of ?
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water
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whatis the fat-free mass of animal's body?
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73% water
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what i the the in vivo range of water in the animal?
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70-75%
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what is the greatest killer/ disease of neonates?
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diarrhea
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how do you prevent water loss and health dehydration?
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provide plenty of good drinking water.
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what are the functions of water?
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solvent (imp. for enzymatic reactions, urine)
and homeothermy (due to high specific heat, high thermal conductivity, high heat of vaporization) |
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what region of the GIT is most water absorbed?
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easy absorbed in most regions of the GIT, especially large intestine and jejunum
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how fast is water turnover?
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3.5 days
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how is metabolic water produced?
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in the cells, at end of ET and OxPhos
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how much of of blood is water?
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9% BW is blood volume
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what are the 4 ways water is lost?
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urination
expiration defecation perspiration |
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what are 4 sources of water for animals?
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drinking water (90%)
water in food metabolic water water generated as a product of other metabolic reactions |
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how much water do beef cattle need?
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22-66 liters per day
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how much water do dairy cattle need?
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38-110 liters per day
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how much water do sheep and goats need?
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4-15 liters/ day
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how much water do horses need?
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30-45 liters/ day
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how much water do swine need
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11-19 liters/ day
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how much water do chickens need?
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.2-.4 liters/ day
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how much water do turkeys need?
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.4-.6 liters/day
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how much water will cattle drink for every kg of feed consumed?
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4 kg's of water
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all species show increased ratios during ____, ___, or during heat stress.
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pregnancy, lactation
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what is the goal when trying to provide fresh water?
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to provide what that is clean, fresh, no odors, no chemicals, and no microbial organisms
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how does an animal use energy?
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to make ATP
TO generate heat to make new tissue to make new products |
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what are all feeding guidelines based on?
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energy system
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what is the eqn. for energy metabolism?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
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where does energy in cells come from?
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food or other tissue
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what is the order in which aniamls use energy?
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1. blood: glucose
2. liver: glycogen 3. adipose tissue: triglyercide 4. skeletal muscle: muscle proteins |
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what is the physiological value of CHO?
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4 Kcal/ g
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what is the physiological value of fat?
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9 Kcal/g
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what is the physiological value for protein?
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4 Kcal/ g
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what is the order of the calorie system?
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net energy> metabolizable energy>digestible energy > gross energy > no information
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what is gross energy
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everything, nothing is taken out
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what is digestible energy
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everything - fecal energy
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what is metabolizable energy?
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everything - (fecal energy + urinary E + methane E)
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what is net energy
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everything- (fecal E + urinary E + methane E+ total heat increment)
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what are maintenance functions?
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vital for life, cardiac m. contraction, respiration, homeothermy, cell turnover, detoxification of waste products
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what are productive functions?
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include growth, egg laying, work, pregnancy, and lactation
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what is the definition growth
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an increase in lean body mass
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what is hyperplasia
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an increase in cell number
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what is hypertrophy
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an increase in cell size
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what is the definition of work?
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voluntary mm. activity of an animal
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what period in pregnancy is the most costly to the mother?
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the final third
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what are the 3 reasons for differences in energy efficicency among species?
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1. type of diet
2. chemical nature of absorbed nutrients 3. location of fermentation vs. absorbtion in GIT |
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what are 4. differences in energetic efficiency within a species?
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1. rate of passage
2. prior nutritional history 3. physical energy 4. envrionment |
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what are physiological energies increased to if the animal is lactating?
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70%
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what is the eqn. for E balance?
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E balance = E in- E out
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