Animal Nutrition

Front 1

Herbivores

Back 1

Eat mainly autotrophs

Front 2

Carnivores

Back 2

Eat other animals

Front 3

Omnivores

Back 3

Eat animals as well as autotrophs

Front 4

Diet must supply...

Back 4

Chemical energy (for ATP)
Essential nutrients
Organic carbon and nitrogen

Front 5

Essential Nutrients

Back 5

Can't be made by animal itself
1. Essential amino acids
2. Essential fatty acids
3. Vitamins
4. Minerals

Front 6

Essential Amino Acids

Back 6

Must be obtained in prefabricated form
Complete:meats, eggs, cheese
Incomplete: plant proteins

Front 7

Essential Fatty Acids

Back 7

Certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from diet

Front 8

Vitamins

Back 8

13 Organic molecules required in small amounts
Fat-soluble or water-soluble

Front 9

Minerals

Back 9

Simple inorganic nutrients required in small amounds
Ex. Calcium, important for almost all functions

Front 10

Undernourishment

Back 10

Diet consistently supplies less chemical energy that the body requires
Can't be reversed

Front 11

Malnourishment

Back 11

Long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients
Can be fixed by change in diet

Front 12

Ingestion

Back 12

Act of eating

Front 13

Suspension Feeders

Back 13

Sift small food particles from water
Ex. aquatic animals

Front 14

Substrate Feeders

Back 14

Animals that live in or on their food source
Ex. Caterpillar

Front 15

Fluid Feeders

Back 15

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
Ex. leech, mosquito

Front 16

Bulk Feeders

Back 16

Eat large pieces of food
Ex. humans

Front 17

Digestion

Back 17

Breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

Front 18

Absorption

Back 18

Uptake of nutrients by body cells

Front 19

Elimination

Back 19

Passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Front 20

What is the purpose of digestive compartments?

Back 20

Specialized compartments for processing food reduce the risk of the animal digesting its own cells and tissues

Front 21

Intracellular Digestion

Back 21

Food particles engulfed by endocytosis
Digested within food vacuoles fused with lysosomes
Ex. Sponges (Porifera)

Front 22

Extracellular Digestion

Back 22

Breakdown of food oudside of cells

Front 23

Gastrovascular Cavity

Back 23

Simple body plan
Both digestion and distribution of nutrients
Intracellular and extracellular
Ex. Cnidarian

Front 24

Complete Digestive Tract
Alimentary Canal

Back 24

Complex body plan
Digestive tube with mouth and anus
Can have specialized regions

Front 25

Mammalian Accessory Glands

Back 25

Secrete digestive juices through ducts
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

Front 26

Peristalsis

Back 26

Rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

Front 27

Sphincters

Back 27

Valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments
Prevent backflow of food

Front 28

Salivary Glands

Back 28

Deliver saliva to lubricate food

Front 29

Mucin

Back 29

Slippery glycoprotein that lubricates food

Front 30

Teeth

Back 30

Chew food into smaller particles exposed to saliva

Front 31

Amylase

Back 31

In saliva
Initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

Front 32

Tongue

Back 32

Screens food
Shapes food into bolus
Helps with swallowing

Front 33

Pharynx

Back 33

Junction that opens to esophagus and trachea
"Throat"

Front 34

Trachea

Back 34

Windpipe
Leads to lungs

Front 35

Esophagus

Back 35

Conducts food from pharynx down to stomach
Peristalsis

Front 36

Epiglottis

Back 36

Blocks entryway to trachea when swallowing

Front 37

Larynx

Back 37

Upper part of respiratory tract

Front 38

Coughing

Back 38

Swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach windpipe

Front 39

Stomach

Back 39

Stores food and secretes gastric juice to convert food to acid chyme

Front 40

Gastric Juice

Back 40

Made up of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

Front 41

How is gastric juice formed?

Back 41

Parietal cells release H+ and Cl- ions seperately
Chief cells release inactive pepsinogen, which is activated with HCl to pepsin
Positive Feedback

Front 42

Mucus

Back 42

Protects stomach lining
Replaced every 3 days

Front 43

Ulcers

Back 43

Damaged areas in stomach lining
Caused by bacterium Helicobacter pylon

Front 44

Muscles in stomach

Back 44

Coordinated contraction and relaxation churns contents

Front 45

Small Intestine

Back 45

Longest
Digestion and absorbtion

Front 46

Duodenum

Back 46

First part of small intestine
Most digestion occurs here
Chyme mixes w/ digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine

Front 47

Pancreas

Back 47

Produces trypsin and chymotrypsin
Activate in duodenum
Neutralizes chyme

Front 48

Bile

Back 48

Made in liver
Stored in gallbladder
Aids in absorption of fats

Front 49

Brush Border

Back 49

Epithelial lining of duodenum
Produces digestive enzymes

Front 50

Jejunum and Ileum

Back 50

Part of small intestine
Mainly absorb nutrients and water

Front 51

Surface Area of Small Intestine

Back 51

Huge!
300 m2
Due to villi and microvilli
Increases rate of nutrient absorption

Front 52

Chylomicrons

Back 52

Phospholipid coated water soluble globules
Transported into lacteals

Front 53

Large Intestine

Back 53

Colon
Cecum
Rectum

Front 54

Cecum

Back 54

Aids in fermentation of plant material
*Humans have an extension on the cecum, appendix

Front 55

Colon

Back 55

Recovers 90% of water that has entered the alimentary canal
Wastes become more solid

Front 56

Rectum

Back 56

Feces stored until elimination
Two sphincters between rectum and anus control bowel movements

Front 57

Bacteria in Human Colon

Back 57

Contribute 1/3 of weight of feces
Produce gases (methane and hydrogen sulfide) by products of their metabolism
Some produce biotin, vitamin K, and several B vit.