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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 functions of the digestive system=
* Ingestion * Grinding * Digestion * Absorption * Elimination |
look at parts of the digestion diagram from A & P book on Mini
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parts of the digestive system=
* Mouth * Pharynx * Esophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large Intestine |
Accessory Glands:
* Salivary glands * Liver * Pancreas |
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The digestive tract is one long continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
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this tube is made up of 4 layers:
Interior-Extreme exterior Mucosa / Sub-mucosa / Muscle layer / Serosa |
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MOUTH
*uses- grinding, prehensile (move things) mechanism, defensive & offensive weapon *consists of: teeth, tongue, lips, cheeks, and muscle |
look @ Tooth diagram from A & P book on mini
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Main parts of a tooth;
RIGHT SIDE crown- above neck- tooth meets root- below gumline LEFT SIDE enamel pulp gumline dentin cementum apical delta |
Incisor- Front teeth
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Canine- eye tooth/ bridle teeth/ tusks/ tushes
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Premolars- Cheek teeth P
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Molars- Cheek teeth M
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Brachydont- short crown teeth
found in canine & feline |
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Hypsodont- long crown teeth
found in herbivores they grow contiunsely |
Dental formulas: Total teeth
Canine-puppy i3/3 c1/1 p3/3 28 Canine-adult I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 42 Feline-kitten i3/3 c1/1 p3/2 26 Feline- adult I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 30 Equine-adult I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M1/1 40-42 Porcine-adult I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3 44 Bovine-adult I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3 32 |
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TONGUE= mass of muscle covered by mucous membrane. The tongue is covered with papillae.
*Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate are in all domestic animals, foliate are in horse, cow, and dog. |
*Filiform- hair like in appearance, Example: gives horses their velvety tongue.
* Fungiform- toadstool like- contain taste buds *Foliate- resemble leaves- contain taste buds *Circumvallate- large circular projections surrounded by a deep groove. |
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LIPS: prehensile in horses, sheep, goats
immovable in cattle and pigs Dogs and Cats are somewhat prehensile= Example: Grinning/snarling |
Hard palate=forms the roof of the mouth
Example: Condition called "Lampers" in horses causes abscess of the hard palate which is inflammation of the mucosa of the hard palate. |
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Soft palate= lies directly behind the hard palate and separates the mouth from the pharynx
Birds dont have a soft palate!!! |
TONSILS= simple lymphoid tissue to fight infections
3 types: palatine- man & dog lingual- Horse, cow, pig- are located at the base of the tongue. pharyngeal- enlargment of these is called adnoids |
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Pharynx= common passage way for air and food
openings consist of: the mouth, 2 nares, 2 eustachian tubes, esophagus, & larynx *look at drawing I drew in handout notes* and pic on MINI |
Esophagus=
muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach and is located dorsal to the trachea |
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SIMPLE STOMACH= look at labeled pic on mini
KNOW: esophagus, cardiac notch/sphincter, angular notch, pyloric part of the stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, fundus, body, gastric folds="ruage" entire surface of the epithelium of the stomach is enfolded into depressions called gastric pits. The lamina propria is filled with glands that empty into the gastric pits |
cardiac glands= closest to the cardia, produce mucus=moisture/lubrication.
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pyloric glands= located in pylorus region, produces mucus and gastrin- hormone which stimulates the releases of HCL and the formulation of pepsin which aids in the release of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contractions.
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fundic glands- located throught the remainder of the stomach containing parietal cells & cheif cells. The pepsinogen is split by the HCL to form pepsin which is the main component of digestive gastric juices.
Parietal cells= produce HCL Cheif cells= produce pepsimogen & rennin-breaks down milk. |
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Ruminant stomach= 4 chambers
Rumen, reticulum, omasum= FORESTOMACH abomasum= TRUE STOMACH |
Reticulum- most crainal compartment, lies closest to the HEART. Known as the "honeycomb".
Examples: Traumatic reticular pericarditis or "Hardware Disease" |
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Omasum ("Book" stomach)- a firm structure located to the right of the rumen & just caudal to the liver. Serves to grind roughage before it enters the abomasum, removes moisture and cuts up into smaller pieces
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Abomasum "TRUE STOMACH"-where digestion actually begins, located ventral to the omasum & caudually on the right side of the rumen.
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Small intestine= nutrient absorption takes place in all 3 parts.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
DUODENUM= ducts from the pancreas & liver enter here to excrete enzymes to aid in digestion.
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Large intestine= consists the cecum (appendix) and colon
equine large intestine is the most complex of all domestic animals *look at EQUINE DIGESTIVE TRACT ON MINI |
Crypts of lieberkuhn: located between the villi, secrete mucus, in the small intestine secrete an enzyme ENTERKINASE- which activates the pancreatic secreation of TYPSINOGEN & a small amount of AMALYSE- which assists in carbohydrate breakdown.
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Brunners glands: located in the duodenum, secretes mucous for moisture.
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Peyer's patches: Lymph nodules located in the ileum
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Auerbach's Plexus: Nerve supply in the intestinal tract
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Salivary glands= moisten food just from sight, smell, think. Depend on species as to how well these 3 work.
*consits of 3 pairs of glands as well as scattered lobules -PAROTID -MANDIBULAR -SUBMANDIBULAR |
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PANCREAS=lobulated organ located between the liver, kidneys, and stomach
* has both endocrine-secreting internally & exocrine-secreting externally -EXCORINE function is to dump sodium bicarbonate & digestive enzymes into the duodenum. -ENDOCRINE portion is more extensive, consists of numerous areas of pale staining cells ALPHA, BETA, DELTA |
-Alpha cells=secrete GLUCAGONS-which elevate blood sugar
-Beta cells= secrete INSULIN- which affects the metabolism of carbohydrates/proteins/fats -Delta cells= secrete SOMATOSTATIN- whose function is not fully known, but is thought to inhibit the secretion of glucagens & insulin , and may control metabolic processes. |
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Pancreatic amylase= breaks down starches
Pancreatic lipase= breaks down fats |
Liver=
*located behind the diaphragm & right side of the abdomen. *has varying numbers of lobes/sections depending on the species. |
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*various functions: STORAGE & FILTRATION
secretion of BILE, detoxification of noxious substances, conversion of sugars into--> glycogen, synthesis & breakdown of fats and temp storage of fatty acids, synthesis of serum proteins.... |
such as:
-ALPHA & BETA globulins -albumin- which helps to regulate blood volume -fibrinogen -prothrombin- which are essential blood clotting factors |
