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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gross energy (GE)
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Amount of heat from complete oxidation of food, feed, other substances
-Aka Heat of combustion |
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How do you measure GE
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You measure it by a bomb calorimeter
-amount of heat real eased when feedstuff is completely oxidized -Determine energy value of solids, liquids and gas -burn sample and determine change in water temp |
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FE- energy lost in feces
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Undigested food, metabolic products, sloughed mucosa, microflora residue, digestive enzymes
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TDN
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Definition: Total digestible nutrients
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(ME)
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Metabolizable energy
-Accounts for loss with food consumption -Feces and urine and methane -Primarily in poultry |
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Carbon- Nitrogen balance
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-indirect calorimetry
-Based on fat and protein accumulation in body -C and N intake vs. loss in feces, urine, and respiration N balance= protein |
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ME + RE (retained energy) =
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HE
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Why do animals eat? (5)
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-Maintenance
-growth -lactation -work -storage |
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Glut2
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Transporter in pancreatic beta-cells that produce insulin
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Glut4
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found in muscle and adipose tissue
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Glucagon
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Increases glucose in blood
-Produced by alpha cells of pancreas -Signals liver cells to begin glycogenolysis |
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IGF
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-Regulate cell cycle and apoptosis
-Liver is major site of synthesis, but local production may be more important |
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GC
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Catecholamines and glucocorticoids
-from adrenal gland -Not responsive to nutrition |
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Catecholamines
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Epinepherine and norepinepherine (adrenalin and noradrenalin
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Mammogenesis
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developing mammary gland
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Lactogenesis
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Non lactating
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Galactopoesis
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Maintain milk production
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CQ: Which hormones primary function is regulation of basal metabolic rate?
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Thyroid Hormone
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CQ: Homeorhesis is best defined by
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Coordination of metabolism in support of a dominant physiological state
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Vitamins are required for what? Who coined the term Vitamin? what two soluble properties are they divided into?
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-Required for body metabolism
-Funk in 1912 coined the term vitamin -Divided by soluble properties: Fat soluble & water soluble |
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Lipophilic Def... absorbed by?
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having a strong affinity for lipids
-love fat -absorbed by the lymph system -Can be stored in body systems -Excreted with bile salts in feces |
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Hydrophilic
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Loves water
-need water to be transported -excreted in urine |
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Vitamin A.. sources? how is it destroyed (C)
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-Required in the diet
-Structure and forms Sources are in the diet -Carotenes: made by plants -Carotenoid stability is important -Destroyed by light and enzymes in feed |
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How is Vitamin A transported? where is it stored
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Transported by RBP (retinal binding protein)
90% is stored in liver |
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What are functions of Vitamin A
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Normal Night Vision
Normal Epithelial cells Normal bone growth and remodeling Protects against cancer |
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Deficiencies of Vitamin A? and how is it determined?
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Deficiencies: Hypovitaminosis, night blindness
Determined by RDR (relative dose response) test CIT (conjunctival impression cytology) test Liver Vit A Concentration Isotope dilution |
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Toxicity from Vitman A
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-Anorexia
-Swelling eyes -Patchy hair loss -reduced bone strength -death |
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Vitamin D functions
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-Calcium regulation
-Enhances immunity |
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Deficiency of Vitamin D can Cause...
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-abnormal skeletal development
-Rickets -Poor egg shell -Tetany -Osteomalacia: a condition characterized by the softening of the bones, bone fragility |
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Toxicity of D
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Abnormal deposits of Ca in soft tissue
Death |
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CQ: what is stored in body tissues?
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Fat soluble vitamins
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PTH
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Parathyroid hormone
-this hormone is triggered by low calcium |
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Vitamin E metabolism
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primarily absorbed in jéjunum by micelle formation
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Vitamin E is stored in...
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-Liver
-Skeletal muscle -Heart -Lung -Kidney -Spleen -Pancreas |
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Functions of Vitamin E
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-Free radical scavenger (antioxidant)
-Nucleic acid and protein metabolism -Mitochondrial metabolism -Maintains cell Membrane -Increases antibody production -Protects chicks against E.Coli infection |
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Deficiency of Vitamin E
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-Reproductive falure
-Derangement of cell permeability -Muscular lesions |
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VItamin K Compounds
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K1: phylloquinone
K2: menaquinone K3: Menadione |
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Vitamin K is aborbed and transported how?
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VItamin K is absorbed by the presence of dietary fat and bile salts
Transported in blood |
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Functions of Vitamin K
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-required for normal blood clotting
-Synthesis of prothrombin in liver -regulates synthesis of enzymes and other factors in process |
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Deficiency of vitamin K
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-Prolonged blood clotting time (seconds to minutes)
-Hemorrhaging (visible under skin) |
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Deficiency of Thiamin
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-Decreased appetite (anorexia)
-Bradycardia (slow heart rate) -Reduced body temperature -Enlarged adrenal gland |
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Riboflavin Metabolism; Functions; Deficiency; Toxicity
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-Absorbed in upper GI tract by active transport; excreted in urine;
-Functions: Coenzymes FAD and FMN, Regulated by hormones -Deficiency: Cataracts, Reduced growth rate in young, not a problem in mature ruminants -Toxicity: Unlikely because of rapid loss in Urine |
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CQ: Amount of heat from complete oxidation of food feed, other substances, defines what term?
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Gross energy
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What reduces the heat increment
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Frequent feeding
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Phosphorus
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Majority is found in the bone
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What are some high energy phosphate compounds
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ADP, ATP
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Phytate
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component of skeleton, similar to Ca
Energy metabolism-AMP, ADP, ATP |
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Pica
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eating wood and not food items
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Magnesium (Mg)
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50% is stored in bone
-soft tissues within cells (liver and skeletal muscle) -abosorbed in the ileum |
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Functions of Mg
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Normal skeletal development
-Enzyme action and ATP -cofactor in decarboxylation |
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Deficiency of Mg
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-reduced growth
-hyperirritability in pigs -Tetany -osteporosis |
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Grass tetany
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common in grazing cattle
native pastures dring lush growth may be due to increased K and protein which antagonize Mg |
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Potassium (K) functions
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osmotic equilbrium
-maintiain acid base balance |
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what is a healthy pH of animal extracellular fluid?
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7.3 to 7.5
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Cobalt greatest concentrations are in:
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Liver, Kidney, adrenal and bone tissue
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Iodine is mostly found in what? and could cause this certain deficiency?
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Thyroid gland, Goiter which is swelling of the neck due to swollen thyroid glands
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Hyperparathyroidism
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causes big head in horses
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Zinc
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Regulates enzymes
Bone and feather development |
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Zincs deficiency?
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Growth retardation
anorexia changes in wool or horns poor feathering hypogonadism delayed wound healing |
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Storred as Ferritin in Liver
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Iron
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