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544 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of animals are considered companion animals?
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Usually- Cats, Dogs and Horses
Additionally- ferrets, rats, rabbits, birds |
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What are some statistics of domesticated animals?
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70% of homes have pets;
3.6 billion spent in 2007 on pets; animals have become family. |
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What must be learned to be a animal nurse?
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Confidence.
Empathy and compassion. |
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When considering a new pet, what role does SPACE play?
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Location of home, space within the home, space for safety. Whether or not there's a fence.
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When considering a new pet, what role does TIME play?
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How much time will owner spend away from home?
How much time for training? How much time for pet maintenance? How long does the type of pet live? |
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When considering a new pet, what role does MONEY play?
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How much care can you afford-- some animals require more vet trips, more expensive vet trips, grooming, etc..
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When considering a new pet, what role do CHILDREN play?
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How does the breed of the dog usually react with kids; whether or not any/more kids are coming along.
Big birds not good with little kids- can bite fingers. Guard dog breed may see child as threat, or herding breeds herding kids. |
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When considering a new pet, what role do OTHER PETS play?
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Some species don't mix well-- snakes and rats; greyhounds and chickens/ducks/etc..
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When considering a new pet, what role does being a SENIOR play?
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The age of the owner and lifespan of animals; ability to exercise; ability to do daily maintenance.
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When considering a new pet, what role does SIZE OF PET play?
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Big dogs, and little dogs, may not be good with little children. If owner is unable to hold a large dog, then prob shouldn't get. If in tiny apartment, then great dane may not be good choice.
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When considering a new pet, what role does COMMITMENT TO ACTIVITY LEVEL play?
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Are you willing to exercise a big dog, a horse, a lap dog or a cat?
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When considering a new pet, what role does the RELATIONSHIP TO THE HUMAN play?
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Companion, child, friend, protection, prestige, hunting, working dog, showing, breeding.
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When considering a new pet, what role does ALLERGIES play?
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If a person is allergic to a species or specific types of dog, cat, horse, rabbit, it probably isn't a good fit. Some animals: Hypoallergenic. Also, some animals have allergies.
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When considering a new pet, what role does ANIMAL HABITS play?
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Cats seem cleaner; birds scream; some animals are nocturnal and will keep you up all night.
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When considering a new pet, what role does the ANIMAL OWNERS EXPERIENCE play?
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Some pets are better starter pets that other pets. Don't suggest a difficult or high maintenance animal to a first time owner.
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When did dogs evolve and from where?
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Dogs evolved from wolves about 15000 years ago.
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How many breeds are there of dogs?
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About 800 breeds, most under 500 years old.
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What makes dogs special?
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They vary visually and physically from each other more that any other species.
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When did domestic cats evolve and from where?
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Cats evolved about 9200 years from wild cats. All cats share DNA. It is believed that the domesticated cat comes from the middle east (cyprus and other countries)
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What is a purebreed?
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A recognized breed eligible for registration if your dog is AKC.
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What is a dog?
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Canine.
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What is a female dog?
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Bitch.
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What is a male dog?
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Sire
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What are baby dogs?
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Puppies
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What is the act of giving birth by dogs called?
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Whelping.
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What is a hierarchy?
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It is the order in which animals respect each other. Live as pack animals.
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How are dogs organized per the AKC?
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Into Groups. AKC arranges according to physical and behavioral characteristics.
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Sporting Group:
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Spaniels, setters, retrievers, vislas, weimeraners
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Hound Group:
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Hounds, afghans, Rhodestian ridgebacks, beagles and bassett hounds.
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Working Group:
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Huskies, malamutes, samoyeds, some sheps, pyranees, newfies, rottweiler, dobie, giant schnauzers, boxers
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Toy Group:
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Anything small.
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Herding group:
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Sheps, collies, border collies, corgies, shelties, pulis, blue heelers
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Terrier Group:
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Terriers,Amercian staffordshire terrire, westies, scotties.
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Non Sporting Group:
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Bichon, schipperke, Boston terriers, shiba inu, dalmations, chows, sharpeis, english bulldog
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Misc. Group:
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Red bone coon hound (why?)
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Cat Breeds:
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90% of breeds will never be seen.
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DSH
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Domestic Short Hair: not mutts. Cats that don't fit in the CFA standard, then it would fall into this category if short haired.
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DMH
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Domestic Medium Hair. These cats are not mutts. Cats that don't fit in the CFA standard, then it would fall in this category if medium haired.
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DLH
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domestic long hair. Cats that don't fit in the CFA standard, then it would fall into this category if long haired.
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Siamese X
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self explanatory. Any cat that is mixed with a siamese and doesn't fall into a siamese description, would fall into this one.
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Cat colors
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Tricolor, tabbies, Siamese,
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Tricolor cats consist of what colors?
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Calico, Tortie
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What is a calico cat?
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Usually female. 1 in 3000 will be sterile male.
Black and orange on white. Tricolor cats. Can be dilute. |
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What is a Tortoise shell cat?
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Usually female. 1 in 3000 will be sterile male.
Black/orange and white blended together. Tricolor cats. Can be dilute. |
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What is the temperament of the tricolor cat?
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Ornery, temperamental.
One person handlers- doesn't like people. |
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What are the color/markings of a tabby cat?
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Orange mixed with ther colors. Grey/white. Brown/white.
Spots/stripes or both. |
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What is special about an orange tabby cat?
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Usually male.
Can be mixed with other colors. Has freckles. |
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What are the colors/markings of a siamese cat?
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Born white. Points develope on ears, mask, tail feet and/or nose as they age.
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What is unique about the siamese?
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It's voice. Also, is attached to only one or two people.
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What Colors do siamese points come in?
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Lilac, blue, seal, lynx (striped)
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What are Tailless cats?
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Manx (has no tail).
Not defined by color and coat. |
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What are some health issues of the tailless cats?
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Can have no function of anal sphincter.
Can have inability to use back legs. Spinal injuries due to the lack of tail. |
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What is special of the white cat? (dogs too)
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If born with blue eyes, then almost always deaf.
If born with other color eyes, should be fine. |
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Horses: classification
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Equine
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Male Horse:
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Stallion
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Female Horse:
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Mare
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What is a broodmare?
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Pregnant female horse.
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What is foaling?
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Horse giving birth.
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What is a foal?
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Older Baby horse.
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What is a suckling?
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Younger baby horse.
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What is a gelding?
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Neutered male horse.
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What is a hand?
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Unit of measurement of horses. It is 4".
Measured from the ground to the withers (base of neck.) |
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Metabloic rate of horses?
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1. reaction time.
2. Heartrate 3. Metabolic rate may be faster on the ward blooded horses. |
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What is a cold blooded horse?
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Large horses, such as clydesdales and pinchons.
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What is a warm blooded horse?
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Usually smaller horses: thoroughbreds, arabians, morgans.
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How big is an American Miniature Horse?
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Under 8.2 hands
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How big are ponies?
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Between 10 and 14.2 hands.
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How big are light horses?
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All other breeds of horses between 14.2 and 17.2 hands.
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How big are draft horses?
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Between 17.0 and 19.2 hands.
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What is a donkey?
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A species similar to horses, but with 31 chromosomes instead of 32 chromosomes. Mate with horses to create mules.
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What is a baby donkey?
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Foal.
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What is a jenny?
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Female donkey.
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What is a Jack?
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Male donkey
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What is a hinny?
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Foal of a Jenny and stallion. Not bred very often.
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What is a mule?
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Foal of a jack and a mare. Very good pack animals. Most commonly bred.
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What is the goal of feeding companion animals?
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Long life and quality of life.
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What is the goal of feeding food producing animals?
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Grow them fast, minimal money.
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What is absorption?
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Break down of ingestion
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Who are monogastric companion animals?
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Dogs
Cats: true carnivores Ferrets: true carnivores Pig and humans... |
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What are the monogastric hindgut fermenters?
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Animals that have a place after their stomachs in which food is additionally digested. Bacteria and Protozoans are responsible for the breakdown.
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Who are the monogastric hindgut fermenters?
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Horse, guinea pig, rabbits.
Hamsters, gerbils, rats and mice. |
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Can a hindgut fermenter vomit?
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No.
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What are Ruminants?
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Animals with multiple stomachs. Use barcteria and protozoans to break down food.
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Which ruminants have 4 stomachs?
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Cow, Goat, Sheep
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Which ruminants have 3 stomachs?
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LLama, alpacas, camels(?)
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What are the energy producing nutrients?
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Carbohydrates, proteins, fats/oils.
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In order to produce energy, nutrients must be what?
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Carbon based, organic compounds.
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What compounds are carbs?
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Sugars, starches, fiber.
Plants. |
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What are proteins?
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Meat, fish, eggs
Mostly animal in origin but some sources in plants (beans, nuts,etc) |
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What are the essential inorganic compounds in nutrition?
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WATER!!!!!
Minerals Vitamins |
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What is ATP?
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An energy molecule that requires combustion in order to break the molecular bonds of things to release water, CO2, and energy.
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What is the key element in ATP?
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Carbon is the key.
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How does the monogastric break down carbs?
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Rice grain-->pancreatic juices--> glycogen--> simple sugar--> ATP
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How does the monogastric break down fiber?
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It can't break down fiber. Just passes through.
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What are some insoluble fibers?
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Pectin
Gum Cellulose Mucilage |
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What is pectin?
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Insoluble fiber found in fruits
keeps gi tract happy |
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What is Gum?
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Insoluble fiber that comes from trees
AKA: Arabic |
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What is cellulose?
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Insoluble fiber that builds cellular structure of grasses.
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What is mucilage?
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Insoluble fiber found in fruit.
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What's denser: sugar v. starch?
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Starch
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How do fats get digested?
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Fats--> Pancreas--> Gall Bladder--> fatty acids
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What are fatty acids?
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Chains that contain bonds.
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How effeciently does fat produce energy?
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2.5 times more efficiently than carbs.
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What are the properties of Fat?
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Bonds that they form and the individual atoms within them: C/H/O. Formation affects how good they taste.
The longer the chains of C/H/O, the more energy they produce. |
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Why do longer fatty acid chains produce more energy?
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They have more carbon.
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How are fats used?
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Lymph system to make lymph fluid.
Dissolves and carries Vitamins Reproduction Builds neurological system. Delivers drugs Makes food taste good. |
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How does fat assist in the delivery of drugs?
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Through the phospholipid bilayer. Drugs need fat in order to bypass this layer.
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What are the essential fatty acids for animals?
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Omega 3 and Omega 6
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What do fatty acids do in the body?
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Aids in digestion
Heart Health Joints Skin and Coat |
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What are additional essential fatty acids in cats?
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Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid |
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What are additional essential fatty acids in dogs?
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Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid |
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How are proteins digested by the body?
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Proteins--> Pancreatic Juice ---> amino acids.
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Which is harder to digest: carbs, fats, proteins?
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Proteins.
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Why are proteins hard to digest?
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It is difficult for the monogastric to have all the enzymes to break down all the proteins. They are very large, complex molecules.
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What is made of proteins by the body?
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Hair, nails, tendons, nerves, and muscles (out of meat)
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What affects the quality of the protein?
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The type of protein.
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What is the essential amino acid for cats?
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Taurine
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What makes something inorganic?
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It doesn't contain carbon.
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What are the 3 most important inorganics to the body?
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Water
Minerals Vitamins |
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Are water, minerals and vitamins calorie rich or not?
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They contain no calories and no energy.
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Water is essential for what?
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Life!!
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What are macrominerals?
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Elements used in large quantiites.
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Name some macrominerals:
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Calcium : Ca++
Phosphorus: P Magnesium: Mg++ Sodium: Na+ Potassium: K+ Chloride: Cl- Sulfur: S |
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Describe Ca++ as a macromineral:
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Foundation of bones and teeth
Muscle contractions Blood clots Nerve impulses |
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Describe P as a macromineral:
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Bones, teeth
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How are Ca++ and P related?
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Must be in proportion with the Ca++ in the body. If too much P, then Ca++ goes down. Creates soft teeth and bones.
If too much Ca++ then bones become brittle. |
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Why is calcium balance important to puppies?
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If they have too much calcium will result in overgrowth of bones.
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Describe Mg++ as a macromineral?
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Controls muscles, and assists with contractions.
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Describe Na+ as a macromineral:
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Essential in osmotic pressure.
Nerve induction. pH regulation |
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Describe K+ as a macromineral:
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Used in muscle contractions.
Nerve impulses. Water balance. |
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Describe Cl- as a macromineral:
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Affects water balance,
Nerve impulses, Osmotic pressure |
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Describe S as a macromineral:
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Works with proteins and makes building blocks.
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What are microminerals?
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The rest of the minerals in the body.
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Vitamins are soluble in what?
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Water and fat.
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What are some fat soluble vitamins?
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A
D E K |
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How are fat soluble vitamins stored?
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In fat
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Fat soluble vitamins are ______ in large dosages.
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Toxic
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Which fat soluble vitamins are used for preservatives?
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E and C (?)
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What are some water soluble vitamins?
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All B's and C's
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How are water soluble vitamins stored?
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They're not, they are released throiugh urine. Therefore, toxicity not as much of a worry.
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What are Vitamin A's functions?
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Vision
Immune system |
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What are Vitamin D's funtions?
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Bone health
Immune system |
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What are Vit. E's functions?
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Antioxidant
Skin health |
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What are vit K's funtions?
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Blood clotting: blood thinners dilute this use.
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What are vit B complex's functions?
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Energy producing (may aid ATP breakdown)
Most biochemical processes. |
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What are vit C's functions?
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Antioxidant
Essential for humans and GUINEA PIGS |
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What is digestibility?
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Can something be broken down?
How complex are the bonds? What digestive enzymes are present? |
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How does Biological availability get measured?
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1. How well can it be used in the body?
2. If it's a better source of energy nutrients? |
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What are good sources of energy nutrients?
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Fats, Carbs, proteins:
should require less food because more can be used by the body, creating less waste. |
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What is palatability?
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Taste and smell.
Texture and shapes. How easily an animal can be enticed to eat something. |
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How is palatability of food enhanced?
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1. Add water
2. Warm the food up |
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How does texture and shape affect palatability?
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Animals (cats especially) get used to a certain shape or texture and will only eat that unless their food is changed regularly.
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What are additives?
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Enhancers that are sprayed on dog/cat food.
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What additive is used on dog food?
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Fat: Vitamin E
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What additives are used on cat foods?
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Fat: Vitamin E
Acid |
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What do preservatives do?
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Inhibit deteriation of food by microbes such as molds and bacteria.
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What are some preservative used in pet food?
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Salts.
Acids vit C. Vitamin E |
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What are humectants?
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Preservatives that bind with water to keep moisture out.
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What do antioxidants do?
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Keep things fresh.
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What do neonates and young pups eat?
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Breast milk from the bitch, or supplements that are designed for the species.
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When do we need to be concerned with puppy nutritional needs, if fed by mom?
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When weaning begins.
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When are there special nutritional period for dogs?
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Females during lactation and reproduction.
Seniors |
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What conditions/diseases require special nutrition?
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Obesity; Diabetes; heart disease; Arthritis; kidneys; allergies
Also in cats: urological syndrome |
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What are the 3 formats for food?
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Dry, semi-moist, wet
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Describe dry pet food:
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Lowest cost per pound and calorie.
Convenient Proteins and fats are usually in lower proportions. Least palatable. |
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What is the % water in dry pet food?
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Less than 10.
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Describe semi-moist pet food:
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Tastes better than dry
Adds more artificial flavors More preservatives Worst of the 3 |
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What is the % water is semi moist pet food?
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25-40%
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Describe canned pet food?
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Contains more real ingredients than the others.
Tastes best, higher in protein Most expensive |
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What is the % water in wet food?
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70-80%.
78% max by law. |
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Which format of food is best for cats?
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canned.
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Who is AAFCO?
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American association of feed control officials.
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What does AAFCO do?
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Regulate the labels that are placed on the animal food.
Sets the standards for the descriptive terms used on the labels. |
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Does AAFCO regulate food?
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No. Can't regulate the food itself, but makes sure terms are consistant.
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What things must be on a food label?
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Net weight, species
Name & address of producer List of ingredients by reducing volume of weight. Guaranteed analysis; Nutritional adequacy statement. |
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What is "Complete and Balanced diet"? per AAFCO
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Complete- enough for a 24 hour period for growing and reproductive pet.
Balanced : correct proportions. |
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What does "complete and balanced diet" result in?
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Fat normal adult dog.
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What does the percentage in guaranteed analysis mean?
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Only states the minimum or maximum percentage, whether or not it is correct is not really regulated.
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If an ingredient is the #1 ingredient, what does that mean?
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At least 70% has to be that.
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What if additional words are used with the ingredient: such as beef stew?
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Then only contains 10% if canned or 25% if dry.
Ex: stew, dinner, entree, mixed grill. |
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What does "with" mean on a dog food label?
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It contains 3% of that ingredient.
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When a food is beef "flavor" what does that mean?
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Only the dog or cat needs to recognize it.
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Factors that influence what a pet needs are:
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1. age, sex, signalment
2. environment |
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Describe grocery store brand foods:
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Lowest quality.
some purina |
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Describe Pet store brand foods:
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Good quality,Sometimes better than others.
Iams/eukanuba; science diet; royal canin; nutros; some purinas |
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Describe specialty store food:
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Can be good or grocery quality.
Stores like mudd bay |
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Describe prescription diets:
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Highest quality.
Producers keep quality checks on bags, not just vats. |
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Are there any good generic brands?
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Yes, Kirkland's Best and Authority (petsmart?) are higher brands.
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What do Carbs change into?
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Glucose
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What do fats change into?
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Fatty acids (2.5 times more calories.)
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How do you burn fatty acids?
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Most be in great cardiovascular shape, physical shape with a low fat content.
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What is normal when feeding dogs and cats?
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Good PE: pet has good weight, hydration, muscle mass.
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What condition is number 1 in?
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Very thin and emaciated.
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What condition is number 2?
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Underweight, but not emaciated. Ribs showing too much.
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What condition is #3 in?
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Ideal condition. Ribs don't show, but aren't covered in fat. Can see an abdominal tuck when looking at from above.
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What condition is #4 in?
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Overweight: Ribs are difficult to feel with moderate fat coverage. Bones can still be felt, but with some difficulty
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What condition is #5 in?
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Obese. The ribs are difficult to feel under a thick fat cover. Little or no abdominal tuck visible.
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How does sex affect what food needs a pet has?
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Pregnant/lactating need more caloric intake.
When neutered, nutritional needs decrease by 10-25% calorically. |
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How does size affect what food needs a dog has?
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Giant breeds burn fewer calories than small breeds.
Smaller dogs need denser caloric intake foods. |
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How often should a dog eat?
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Depends: they're opportunistic.
will eat as much as possible, and not really care what they eat. |
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How often should toys be fed?
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Need frequent small meals.
Will become hypoglycemic if not fed often enough. Have high metabolism of stomach content. |
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How often should Giant breeds be fed?
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2-3 smaller meals a day.
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What happens if a giant breed fills his stomach?
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Can cause food bloat.
The stomach becomes a pendulum and flip or twist. |
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How should a large breed dog be fed?
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Limit the amount of energy fed.
Don't limit the nutrition. |
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What are the nutritional needs of the large breed dog?
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Quality of proteins and fats.
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What are the differences in large breed vs small breed foods?
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Should have compensations built in for the differences.
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What happens if you feed a dog a full bowl of food all the time?
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1. Obesity
2. Arthritis. 3. More picky eating. |
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How often should toy breeds be fed and why?
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Multiple times a day, since they have high metabolism and small stomachs. Not feeding often enough can lead to Hypoglycemia.
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What is hypoglycemia?
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Low blood sugar.
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How often should giant breeds be fed and why?
|
Should be fed multiple times a day, so the stomach doesn't overfill, leading to possible bloat.
|
|
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How should large breed dogs be fed?
|
Limit the amount of calories fed, but not the nutrition. Give high quality protein and fat.
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Are large breed foods actually different than small breed foods?
|
Should be, with the smaller breed foods being much higher in calories, and the large breed being lower in calories.
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What are the three methods of feeding discussed?
|
1. Free feed
2. Time controlled 3. Portion controlled |
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What is the best method between enteral and parenteral feeding for hospitalized patients?
|
IV feeding is not nearly as good as feeding by mouth.
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What is free feeding?
|
Full bowl all the time. Leads to obesity, arthritis, and pickier eaters.
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What is Time controlled feeding?
|
Given 15-30 to eat food. If not finished, remove food.
Causes: indigestion, bloat, food aggression |
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What is Portion control feeding?
|
The best method!
Set out only the amount that the pet needs to eat. Combine with free feed is ok. |
|
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How does environment affect eating habits of dogs?
|
Cold vs hot: If outdoors when cold, dog needs more calories for more energy.
|
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What other things affect nutritional needs of a dog?
|
Diseases, conditions, wounds, burns and cancer.
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Explain puppy weight gain?
|
Should gain 2-4g daily /expected total kg in weight.
Grow approximately 100g per week. |
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How much bigger are great danes than chihuahuas when they're born?
|
Not much different. Those show up as they grow.
|
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Which has more protein: canine milk or cow milk?
|
Canine milk:
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Can dogs drink cow's milk?
|
No. Most are lactose intolerant, and will have V/D as a result.
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How should orphans be fed?
|
Start out with tube feeding and progress to bottle feeding. Feed until tummies are full. Pups with stop crying and go to sleep.
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How often should orphans be fed?
|
4-6 times a day until 3-4 weeks old, then 3-4 times per day.
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How should orphans be kept warm?
|
Should be kept between 84-90 degrees. Can use a hot water bottle, heat lamp or heating pads. Add humidity.
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How should a heating pad be used?
|
Never on newborns- 1 week olds. Then set up only on 1/2 of bedding, so pups can get of pad to keep from overheating.
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What should the humidity level for newborns be?
|
30-50%.
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What happens if a puppy gets chilled?
|
Predispose puppy to death.
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How do orphans defacate/urinate?
|
Their anal/urinary functions must be stimulated. They should urinate as often as they're fed.
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Is is possible to overfeed a puppy?
|
Yes. Care must be taken to avoid overfeeding.
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What is more caloric: adult or puppy food?
|
Puppy food.
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What adjustments are made to puppy food to make it appropriate?
|
More calories, more Ca++, P for bone health. More Proteins and fats.
Less fiber ********* |
|
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What is easily digested by puppy?
|
Carbs. Good thing to feed is RICE.
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|
When do you wean a puppy?
|
At approximately 6-8 weeks old, and up to 3 weeks to complete. Use Gruel (watered down puppy food).
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When are puppies ready for adult food?
|
Varies, depending on breed, size, sex and activity levels.
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How does breed affect when to change over from puppy food?
|
Giant breeds sometimes started on adult food at 6 months or given giant breed puppy food.
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|
How does sex affect feeding?
|
If a pet is spayed or neutered, then automatically reduce calories by 10-25%.
|
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|
How do activity levels change feeding?
|
Working dogs need different nutrients than herders, pregnant dogs and lactating dogs.
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|
What are the nutrient requirements of the working dogs?
|
Extremely high energy needs: feed most calorie dense foods possible. Increase fat, protein. Decrease carbs.
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Why decrease carbs in working dogs?
|
As carbs are digested, the insulin level increases. Insulin feeds carbs to cells. This blocks glucose from getting into cells and causes hypoglycemia. Feed after race rather than before.
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|
What are the nutrient requirements of the herding dogs?
|
Increase fat, proteins and CARBS. Calorie dense food, but not as much as working dogs. Feed more frequent meals since they continuously burn energy.
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How to feed pregnant and lactating bitches?
|
High energy foods: increase fats, proteins and carbs.
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|
What nutritional changes are specific to pregnant bitches?
|
Increase Ca++, switch to puppy food and add a TUMS to increase Ca++. Feed 50% more calories.
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|
When are the caloric needs highest for the lactating bitch?
|
Starting at weeks 3-4 of lactating.
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|
|
How to wean a lactating bitch?
|
Don't feed her for 24 hours. This helps her dry up. Then go back to normal adult feeding. NO MORE NURSING.
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|
What causes Obesity?
|
Snacks?
Exercise, removal of reproductive glands. Overfeeding during growth. |
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|
How does overfeeding during growth cause weight gain later?
|
Once you build adipose (fat) cells, they are with you for life.
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|
|
Which breeds are prone to obesity?
|
Labs, retrievers, bassets, beagles, corgies, pugs, cockers, doxies
|
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What are some treatments for obesity?
|
No treats.
Portion feedings: ease into smaller servings. Insoluble carbs: fiber diets such as W/D... Increase exercise. |
|
|
Why shouldn't a pet be obese?
|
Causes diabetes, arthritis, has trouble under anesthesia, and has heat intolerance issues.
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|
|
When is a toy/small dog considered geriatric?
|
9 years old.
|
|
|
When is a medium dog considered geriatric?
|
At 8-9 years.
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|
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When is a large dog considered Geriatric?
|
At 6 years of age.
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|
What should we look for in senior food?
|
Antioxidants (vit c,e); limited proteins, NaCl, increased fiber.
Increase palatability. |
|
|
Why limit protein in senior dogs?
|
Kidneys and liver must eliminate proteins, and they slow down with age.
|
|
|
Why limit NaCl in senior dogs?
|
Due to heart disease and high blood pressure.
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|
|
Why add fiber to a senior dog's diet?
|
Help with digestion. Assist with stools.
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|
|
Why increase palatability in senior dog food?
|
The senior dog doesn't necessarily like to eat, so add water and fat.
|
|
|
What are renal issues with foods?
|
By the time kidney dz shows, it's 75% gone.
Must limit protein, P, NaCl, INCREASE WATER!! |
|
|
Why limit phosphorus in renal failure animals?
|
Kidneys can't process, so levels increase in body, then Ca++ levels decrease (in balance with P)
|
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|
How long can a cat go without eating?
|
3 days. If not eating everyday, it will die. Cats can't be anorexic.
|
|
|
What is hepaticlipidosis?
|
Occurs when a cat doesn't eat for 3 days.
Fatty liver disease. |
|
|
Explain how to get a cat to eat when refusing:
|
Make yummy food.
coax/help with feeding: hand feeding, smorgsaborg, heating it up, add water, apply to feet. |
|
|
If a cat refuses to eat, what should be done?
|
Force feed or tube feed.
Increase calories Increase fats/proteins Increase microminerals |
|
|
What should be done to feed a pet with allergies?
|
Reduce the antigens.
Go unique on the carb and protein sources: potatoes, barley, oats, kangaroo, venizen, rabbit, deer. Simplify diet. |
|
|
What should be done to feed a pet with heart disease?
|
Limit sodium, Increase b vitamins.
|
|
|
What additional nutrients should be given to a cat with heart disease?
|
Increase Taurine (essential amino acid)
|
|
|
What should be done to the diet when a cat has feline urological issues?
|
Increase urine output by increasing water.
Limit Ca++ and Mg |
|
|
What affect do struvite crystals have on the feline urological system?
|
Increase the acidity of urine by lowering pH.
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|
|
What affect do oxalate crystals have on the feline urological system?
|
Increases the base of urine by raising the pH.
|
|
|
How should a pet with diarrhea be fed?
|
Reduce sugar: feeds bacteria that cause D
Increase insoluble fiber: blocks the bacteria, absorbs water, decreases motility of gi tract. Increase digestable carbs (pumpkin and rice) |
|
|
How should a pet with a colitis flare up be fed?
|
Decrease sugar,
Increase soluble and insoluble fiber. Feed 3-6 small meals a day. |
|
|
How should a pet with hepatic dz be fed?
|
Decrease overall proteins
Increase high quality proteins Low fat cottage cheese |
|
|
How should a pet with cancer be fed?
|
Increase antioxidants, B vitamins, best quality proteins, vitamins
Limit non useful carbs FEED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE |
|
|
What shouldn't birds be fed?
|
Tomatoes
Avacados Chocolates |
|
|
What do birds like in their food?
|
Spices
|
|
|
What is the biggest nutritional issue for birds?
|
Vitamin A deficiency
|
|
|
How is alfalfa as a daily feed for rabbits?
|
Dangerous: too high in Ca++
and make them gain weight too fast. |
|
|
Why is Ca++ bad for rabbits?
|
Rabbits have basic urine (high). Ca++ will raise pH to be too basic. Can form crystals and stones.
|
|
|
Why would too rapid of weight gain be bad for rabbits?
|
Causes joint and muscle damage.
|
|
|
What is timothy hay?
|
Soft, sweet food of choice for g. pigs, rabbits.
|
|
|
Why is timothy hay good for hindgut fermenters?
|
They can manufacture everything they need with this using protozoans and bacteria.
|
|
|
Should water ever be withheld from rabbits?
|
No, not even preoperatively.
|
|
|
What color urine do rabbits have?
|
Brown, red, white
|
|
|
What is a common deficiency for rabbits?
|
Vitamin A
|
|
|
Do ferrets eat timothy hay?
|
No. They are true carnivores.
30% of diet is proteins. Feed fruits and veggies for fiber |
|
|
How much of a gallon of milk's cost comes from feeding the dairy milk?
|
50%.
|
|
|
What is added to the dairy cows diet?
|
Proteins are added to get enough protein to keep producing milk.
|
|
|
How much of the cost of growing a beef cow is from feeding?
|
75%.
|
|
|
What is creep?
|
Calf food.
|
|
|
What is "finishing"?
|
Time in growth phase where they are fed a certain way to make meat taste better.
|
|
|
How long will pasture meet the nutritional needs of breeding goats and sheep?
|
Up until the last trimester.
|
|
|
What happens if momma goat or sheep doesn't get the proper nutrition?
|
Both mother and kid/lamb will die. Momma won't be able to give birth.
|
|
|
What are the top nutrients that are lacking for sheep/goats?
|
Calcium and carbs.
|
|
|
How early can lambs and kids be weaned?
|
As early as 3 days old.
|
|
|
When is energy use greatest for a dairy cow?
|
During lactation. Needs good grain and high quality forage (pasture)
|
|
|
What is needed the most during lactation for the dairy cow?
|
Protein: goo-quality forage with grains and topped up high-protein supplements are usually adequate.
|
|
|
Are cats true carnivores or omnivores?
|
True carnivores
|
|
|
How often should cats be fed?
|
3-5 times per day. Very frequent eaters.
|
|
|
What nutrients must cats have?
|
Taurine, Vit A, Niacin
Higher fat content: arachnodonic acid. Higher protein intake. |
|
|
Who grows faster, male or female kittens?
|
Male. They get first choice of food.
|
|
|
When should kittens be weaned?
|
at 7-9 weeks.
|
|
|
When should kittens be socialized?
|
3-14 weeks.
|
|
|
Why is obesity a major problem in cats?
|
Dry food!!
Has low water, protein, fat, calories, and increased sugars from carbs. |
|
|
Why is canned food good for cats?
|
75% water content.
Higher in protein, fats, calories. |
|
|
Why should care be used when switching cat foods?
|
Cats are creatures of habit. Very Stubborn. Cat may starve itself if food changeds.
|
|
|
What are the energy needs of queens?
|
They need 3-4 times the energy. Give queen kitten food to help boost nutritional intake.
|
|
|
How long should queens be on kitten food?
|
Until kittens are weaned.
|
|
|
How long is a cat pregnant?
|
63 days.
|
|
|
When is a cat considered geriatric?
|
Around 10 years old.
|
|
|
What is the biggest illness of elderly cats?
|
Renal failure.
|
|
|
What needs to be limited in the geriatric cat's diet, to assist the kidneys?
|
#1: Proteins!!
Na+, P |
|
|
What needs to be increased in the geriatric cat's diet?
|
Fats
Insoluble fiber |
|
|
What happens to the cat when it is hyperthyroid?
|
Metabolism skyrockets.
Cat is always hungry and craves carbs. Cat will lose weight. |
|
|
Stress affects the nutritional need of the hospitalized pet how?
|
Causes release of too much glucose, shooting up the insulin then causing a crash.
|
|
|
What nutrients are used to build tissue?
|
Proteins!!
Need Vit and minerals to use protein. Most need carbs (except ferrets and cats) All need Fat |
|
|
What nutrients are used to repair burns?
|
WATER!!
Lots of protein (tissue builder) Fats, carbs, minerals, Vitamin |
|
|
What nutrients are used to fight infection?
|
Fats
Minerals Vitamins |
|
|
What nutrients are needed to recouperate from surgery?
|
Water,
minerals Proteins fats |
|
|
What do birds eat?
|
Fruits, nuts, insects, water and some seeds.
|
|
|
What nutrients need to be in balance for birds to thrive?
|
Proteins, carbs
Fats, Vitamins Minerals |
|
|
How much of a birds diet should be seeds?
|
No more than 25%.
Seeds have low minerals, vitamins, proteins and carbs. High in fat. |
|
|
What's the best thing to do with most seeds?
|
Plant them, birds get more out of the plant than the seed.
|
|
|
What additional things can be fed to birds to boost their nutrients?
|
Cooked rice.
Eggs meats |
|
|
What does parous mean?
|
Babies
|
|
|
What does uniparous mean?
|
Having 1 baby
Cows |
|
|
What does multiparous mean?
|
Having multiple babies.
Sheep, goats |
|
|
What does estrous mean?
|
Name for female menstrual cycle.
|
|
|
What does estrus mean?
|
Time of receptivity to male
"Standing heat" |
|
|
What is Proestrus?
|
Stage when the body is getting ready for pregnancy/ babies.
|
|
|
What is anestrus?
|
Stage when the body is shut down, not available for pregnancy.
|
|
|
What is diestrus/metestrus?
|
Stage when the body is either pregnant or taking a brief period of quiet time before next phase of estrus.
|
|
|
What does polyestrus mean?
|
Having continuous and regular sexual cycles.
|
|
|
What does Seasonally polyestrus mean?
|
Having several cycles during a part of the year, usually spring and summer.
|
|
|
What are longday breeders?
|
Animals that are polyestrus during the days that are longer during the calendar year... spring/summer
|
|
|
What is dystocia?
|
Difficulty giving birth.
|
|
|
What is Pseudocyesis?
|
false pregnancy.
|
|
|
What is the first stage of the estrus cycle?
|
Proestrus stage
|
|
|
Describe the 3 steps of the proestrus stage?
|
1.Hypothalamus
2.Anterior Pituitary Gland 3. Ovary |
|
|
What is the hypothalamus' role in the proestrus cycle?
|
Indicates that puberty has been achieved via the gonadotrophen stimulating hormone. Sends message to anterior pituitary gland.
|
|
|
What is the anterior pituitary gland's role in the proestrus stage?
|
Produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone that communicates with the Ovary.
|
|
|
What is the ovary's role in the proestrus stage?
|
Produces estrogen which tells the mammories and uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
Moves eggs into follicles. |
|
|
What are the steps in the estrus stage of Estrus?
|
4. Ovary
5. Anterior pituitary gland 6. Ovary |
|
|
What is the ovary's first role in the estrus stage?
|
Communicates with the anterior pituitary gland.
|
|
|
What is the Anterior Pituitary Gland's role in the estrus stage?
|
Releases luetenizing hormones.
Turns the follicles yellow and is ready to release eggs. |
|
|
What is the ovary's second role in the estrus stage?
|
Releases eggs.
|
|
|
What happens in the last stage of estrus?
|
Diestrus or metestrus.
|
|
|
What is diestrus?
|
Pregnancy.
|
|
|
What organs are involved in the final stage of estrus if diestrus occurs?
|
Ovary and uterus.
|
|
|
What do the ovaries and uterus do during diestrus?
|
Releases progesterone which is produced by follicle and uterus lining.
|
|
|
What is metestrus?
|
Lack of pregnancy.
|
|
|
What organs are involved in the final stage of estrus if metestrus?
|
Body tissue and uterus.
|
|
|
What hormone is produced during metestrus?
|
Produces prostiglandins.
|
|
|
What do prostiglandins do during metestrus?
|
Destroys the tissues and the uterine lining.
|
|
|
When does the canine heat cycle start?
|
At the beginning of proestrus.
|
|
|
What is a visible symptom of canine heat?
|
Swollen vulva.
Vaginal bleeding. |
|
|
Why do dogs have vaginal bleeding?
|
Shows the changes in vaginal wall.
|
|
|
How long do dogs have vaginal bleeding?
|
Around 10 days.
|
|
|
When does vaginal bleeding occur in dogs?
|
During proestrus.
|
|
|
How does one tell where a dog is during heat cycle?
|
Using a vaginal cytology will tell where she is during cycle.
|
|
|
What is standing heat?
|
The period in which a dog is in estrus.
|
|
|
How long does standing heat last in dogs?
|
Last for 10 days, BUT eggs will pop at some point during this time.
|
|
|
When should dogs tie together in order to increase chances of pregnancy?
|
Start breeding at day 3, then every other day. By breeding on the schedule, it would increase odds of pregnancy.
|
|
|
How long are canine sperm viable?
|
2-3 days.
|
|
|
How long are canine eggs viable?
|
2-3 days.
|
|
|
What is the final stage of canine estrus?
|
Diestrus: pregnancy
or Metestrus: 3-5 days of shutdown. |
|
|
How long is the average heat cycle of dogs (and most species)?
|
21 days.
|
|
|
How is pregnancy confirmed in dogs?
|
1.Check progesterone levels.
2.Palpation after 3 weeks. 3.Ultrasound after 14 days: not a good method 4. Radiographs after day 45. |
|
|
What do xrays show when confirming canine pregnancy?
|
Bone ossification.
Shows spines and skulls. |
|
|
How long is a dog's gestation period?
|
60-65 days.
|
|
|
What kind of breeders are cats, ferrets and rabbits?
|
Induced ovulators.
Long day breeders. |
|
|
How does the proestrus cycle of a cat (ferret,rabbit) differ from a dog?
|
It stops at the ovaries until a male enters the picture.
|
|
|
How does induced ovulation work?
|
During the last step of proestrus, the ovaries stop until a male penetrates and locks into the female. This triggers estrus.
|
|
|
What is Lord Osis?
|
Position of female cat where the rear end is lifted up, then the cat falls over. Trying to become stimulated.
|
|
|
How do cats, ferrets and rabbits produce offspring with more than one father?
|
They can release some eggs, while holding on to more. Later, they release more eggs.
|
|
|
Why do outdoor cats shut down their cycles?
|
Seasonal breeders. Will shut down cycle when days get shorter then restart when days get longer. May only be 2 months long.
|
|
|
Can cats, ferrets and rabbits experience false pregnancies?
|
Yes. If eggs were stimulated but not fertilized. Will have 30-34 days of metestrus then restart cycle.
|
|
|
What happens within the cycle once a cat is stimulated?
|
The same cycle as a dog:
4. Ovary communicates with ant. pit gland 5. Ant. pit: luetenizing hormone. 6. Ovary releases eggs. |
|
|
How are feline pregnancies confirmed?
|
Same as dog:
Progesterone check. Palpation. Ultrasound. Radiographs. |
|
|
What kind of breeders are horses, cows, sheep, goats?
|
Seasonally polyestrus.
|
|
|
How does the estrus cycle of the horse compare to that of the dog?
|
the cycle is the same. Lasts 21 days.
|
|
|
What is canine parturition?
|
Whelping.
|
|
|
What is the first stage of whelping?
|
Lasts 6-12 hours long (average)- can last 36.
Restless, not eating, nests, V/D, become needy. Temp changes. |
|
|
How does temperature change when a bitch is whelping?
|
It drops from about 101.5 to around 98 degrees.
|
|
|
What is the second step of whelping?
|
Should be 20-60 minutes between each pup.
|
|
|
How long should it take for a litter of puppies to be born?
|
3-6 hours, unless large litter.
|
|
|
What is the third stage of whelping?
|
For 15-20 minutes after each pup, the bitch should eat/lick the placenta, chew the umbillicus.
|
|
|
How long should discharge after whelping occur in the bitch?
|
Up to 10 weeks.
|
|
|
What should the post-whelping discharge be like?
|
Greenish, mucosy fluid (dark).
|
|
|
What is indicative of infection regarding the post whelping discharge?
|
Turns reddish black-- indicates bad infection: take to hospital
|
|
|
What can be done to prevent infection after whelping?
|
Keep area clean-
change bedding make sure dog is clean |
|
|
What is queening?
|
Cat parturition, birth.
|
|
|
How long does queening last?
|
Up to 36 hours. Although cats can start and stop delivery at will. Can deliver at different times.
|
|
|
Explain the normal post partum discharge from the queen.
|
The discharge is reddish black. Can last up to 3 weeks, but usually lasts only a couple of days. Humans don't normally notice.
|
|
|
How many stages are there in foaling?
|
Three.
|
|
|
What is involved in the first stage of foaling?
|
Mare lies down, gets up, rolls over.
RESTLESS |
|
|
What is involved in the second stage of foaling?
|
Water Breaks. Usually within 10 minutes the sac appears.
Should see all four feet. |
|
|
How fast does delivery usually occur in foaling?
|
Within 30 minutes of water breaking.
|
|
|
When does foaling usually occur?
|
At night.
|
|
|
Why should a vet be present, or at least walking someone through the foaling process?
|
The placenta is not viable for very long, and if foal is not delivered, it will die.
|
|
|
What is the third stage of foaling?
|
Sac and placenta must be out of mare within 3 hours of birth, or mare is subject to infection.
|
|
|
How soon should the foal be walking after birth?
|
While the immune systems are fragile, the foal is designed to be up immediately after birth.
|
|
|
What is teasing?
|
using a male, with his testosterone, to check/initiate the readiness of the females.
|
|
|
How is teasing done with horses?
|
Coat gelding with testosterone (to get him interested) then introduce him to female. If she allows him to mount, then she's ready for insemination.
|
|
|
How is teasing done with goats and sheep?
|
Introduce intact male to group of females to initiate them into ovulation. Then remove male, and inseminate females the next day.
|
|
|
What species are cows/bulls?
|
Bovine.
|
|
|
What is bovine birthing called?
|
Calving.
|
|
|
What is the unneutered male bovine called?
|
Bull
|
|
|
What is the female bovine called?
|
Cow
|
|
|
What is the neutered male bovine called?
|
Steer
|
|
|
What is a baby bovine called?
|
Calf.
|
|
|
What is the gestation period of a cow?
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9 months.
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What are the 2 ancestors of bovines?
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Bos indicus and bos taurus.
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Describe the Bos Indicus:
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Heat and water tolerant.
Asian decent. Fleshy dewlap (under chin). Hump Droopy ears. |
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Describe the Bos Taurus:
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from temperate zones.
European decent. Most common in US |
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What are the 2 groups of cows?
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Dairy and beef.
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Tell about the dairy group.
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It's all about the girl, males aren't real important since artificially inseminated.
Triangular shaped. |
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What are the types of dairy cows?
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Ayrshire (red/white)
Brown Swiss (brownish) Guernsey (fawn/white) Holstein (b/w) Jersey (fawn/white) |
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Describe the beef group.
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Rectangular, muscular body.
Neutered before fully developed. Estrogen adds marbling to meat. |
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What are the types of beef cows?
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Angus (blk)
Brahman (humps/dewlap) Hereford (red/white) Texas Longhorn. |
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What is a polled bull/steer?
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Dehorned bull/steer
Born naturally. |
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What species are swine?
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Porcine.
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What is farrowing?
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Pig birth.
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What is a male pig?
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Boar.
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What is a female pig?
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Sow.
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What is an adolescent female pig?
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Gilt
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What are baby porcines called?
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Pigs and piglets.
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What is the gestation period of the pig?
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3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
or 114 days |
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How are pigs used ?
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Biomedical research,
skin meat |
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What are some of the characteristics of pigs?
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Smart
Great eyes great sense of smell |
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What is the most dangerous thing pigs do to humans?
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Scream unbearably. Need to use ear protection to be near them.
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Which animal is the most inhumanely treated by humans?
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Pigs
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What species are sheep?
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Ovine.
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What is it called to birth a baby sheep?
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Lambing.
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What is a male sheep called?
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Ram.
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What is a female sheep called?
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Ewe.
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What is a baby sheep called?
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Lamb.
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What is the gestation period of a sheep?
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5 months (150 days or so)
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What are sheep grown for?
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Milk, meat, wool, lanolin,
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Do sheep have tails?
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Yes. But they are docked at birth.
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Who is dolly?
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The first genetic clone-- Sheep!
First animal with a fully mapped out DNA. |
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What is mutton?
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Older sheep meat. Delicacy in some places.
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Are sheep uniparus?
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No, should have twins. Sheep used for production will often be euthanized if only one lamb is born.
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What species are goats?
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Caprine.
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What is birthing in goats called?
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Kidding.
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What is the male goat called?
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Buck
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What is a female goat called?
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Doe.
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What are baby goats called?
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Kids
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What is a neutered buck called?
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Buckling.
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What is the gestation period of the goat?
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5 months (150 days or so)
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What are goats produced for?
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Milk, biomedical research, hair coat, skin and meat.
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What are two types of goats produced for hair coat?
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Angora goat (mohair)
Cashmere goat |
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Why is a buck extremely smelly?
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Has a lot of scent glands.
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What is a female rabbit called?
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Doe
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What is a male rabbit called?
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Buck
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What is a baby rabbit called?
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Kits
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What is kindling?
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Night poops that rabbits eat to help stay healthier. Momma's will feed to babies.
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What is the gestation period of the rabbit?
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25-28 days.
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What species are rodents?
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Mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs
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What family do the mice and rats belong to?
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Murine
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What are rodent babies called?
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Pups
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How are rodents born?
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Without hair or vision.
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Do rodents hibernate?
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The hamster would if he could.
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What features are special of the gerbil?
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Diggers, hairy tails
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What is special about newborn gunea pigs?
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They are born ready to go. Need vitamin C in diet to live.
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What species do birds belong to?
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Avian.
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What are passerines?
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Dove/pigeons.
Have soft beaks Nice little birds. |
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What are Psittacines?
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Parrots, budgies.
Pretty birds. |
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What are Fowl?
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Chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese.
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What is smell to the animal world?
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Brain is connected to the nose.
Animals have excellent olfactory bulbs. |
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How well do animals hear?
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Generally very well.
Important sense. |
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What is the importance of sight to animals?
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What are they? The hunter or the hunted? Decided by sight.
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What does the location of the eyes have to do with sight?
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If eyes see peripherally, then animal is prey.
If eyes see forward, then hunter. |
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Who are the prey that we studied?
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Rabbits and horses.
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Who are the hunters that we studied?
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Dogs and Cats.
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How well do birds see?
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Phenomenally.
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How well do animals see when object is far away, if eyes are on side of face?
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Very well. But not in front.
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Which animals see well when the object is up close?
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All when up the object is up close.
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Why shouldn't you approach a horse from front with no warning?
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Horse can't see in front of them-- will react as though being attacked.
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What is anthropomorphism?
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The giving of human emotions to animals.
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Who is Roland Tripp?
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Famous animal behaviorist.
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What emotions can animals experience?
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Love and hate.
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Can an animal feel jealousy, spite, remorse?
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No, only feels love and hate.
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Can an animal experience loss?
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Yes, because of love.
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What is agnostic behavior of animals?
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Conflict.
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How do animals deal with conflict?
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Avoidance --> Fighting
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Why do animals practice avoidance?
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They are running away as part of the fight or flight response.
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Why do animals fight?
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Running away didn't work or unable to run. Part of fight/flight.
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What kind of behavior is aggression?
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Agnostic.
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What will pain do to an animal's behavior?
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Increased by fight/flight-- may react stronger.
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What affect does maternal instinct have on pigs?
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Mamas (all in pen) will attact anyone who picks up piglets and make them cry.
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What behaviors can being predatory cause problems with?
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Newborn babies- predatory animals sometimes get confused and think the babies are food. Will also chase pet birds.
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Which animals are territorial?
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Cats, and certain breeds of dogs are extremely territorial.
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What is cage aggression?
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When an animal has claimed a cage for his own, and will protect it as his own.
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What dogs are extremely territorial of their yards?
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German shepherds.
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What can cause an aggression issue when there are a lot dogs in a pack?
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Intermale or interfemale aggression. Too many of one sex can cause problems.
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Why is fear a cause of aggression?
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If an animal is unable to get away from what ever is causing the fear, it may become aggressive.
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What is dominance aggression?
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When an animal will try to establish authority over the household. Can be part of the dogs makeup.
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Can a dog be trained out of dominance aggression issue?
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The dog can be trained out of this behavior.
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Why should an animal be trained out of a dominance aggression issue?
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If not trained, the animal will attack the owner, other people and other animals.
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What is our job as a vet asst/tech when helping clients when getting a new pet?
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1. Realistic expectations- There will be problems.
2. Help match to right animal. 3. Teach/coach o. understand basic behavior of specific species (socialization, etc) |
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What are the steps of the positive proaction plan?
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1. Reinforce good behavior
2. Prevent inapproprite behavior. 3. Meet the pet's needs 4. Negative punishment 5. Positive punishment |
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Explain the reinforce good behavior step of proaction plan:
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Use positivity for appropriate behavior. Use treats or toys. Constantly reinforcing.
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Explain the Prevent inappropriate behavior step of proaction plan:
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Manage the pet's environment so that they can't get into stuff that will get them into trouble (put away cords before pup eats it)
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Explain the meet their needs step of proaction plan:
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Make sure they have food, water, bedding, all the essentials.
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Explain the negative punishment step of the proaction plan:
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When an animals behaves inappropriately with something, take it away. If a dog chews on it's favorite blanket, remove the blanket.
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Explain the positive punishment step of the proaction plan:
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Throwing a shaker can at an animal when he does the inappropriate action. Shooting a cat with a water bottle everytime she scratches the couch.
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What is classical conditioning?
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Pavlov conditioning.
Unconditioned means the connection was already there. Add a conditioned behavior with a stimulus. |
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Which breed of dogs are difficult to housetrain?
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Shih tzus
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How are dog and cat brains the same ?
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They have the same intelligence.
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How are dog and cat brains different?
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Difference in learning ability, motivation.
Sensory capabilities are different. |
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How can the owner prevent a lot of the problems he may have with a new pet?
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Choose the right pet.
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What should be discussed with an prospective owner regarding training?
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1 How much are they willing to train?
2 How much they are at home? 3 What behaviors are not okay? 4 Be very detailed. |
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What are some generalizations about dogs that are true?
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Highly social.
Pack mentality. Social. Testosterone is an issue. Training is essential. |
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What is a pack?
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Dog family, whether or not they are related.
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Who is the alpha dog?
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Male or female.
Makes all the decisions all the time. **Humans should assume this role!!!** |
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Who is the beta dog?
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Assumes the peacemaker position. (Middle child)
Pets assume this role in human/animal pack. |
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Who is the Omega dog?
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Subservient.
Lowest dog in the pack. This is the "Fear biter"-- treat with caution. |
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When should a dog be socialized?
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Puppies should be socialized starting between 4 and 12 weeks.
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When should a puppy be weaned?
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At 4-5 weeks.
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When should a puppy go to a new home?
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Around 8 weeks old.
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What affect does testosterone have on animal ownership?
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Can cause aggression.
Neutering is beneficial. |
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Are cats a pack or a functional group?
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Functional group-- no leaders, and aggression can happen anytime, from any one.
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Are cats easy to get along with?
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No. Pound for pound, very aggressive. And have 5 weapons to attack with.
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Can you calm an angry cat?
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No. Once it's mad, it's over. Also-- has extremely fast reaction time once ticked off.
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When are kittens neonates?
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0-14 days.
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When should kittens be socialized?
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3-14 weeks old.
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Who teaches socialization to kittens?
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The queen teaches socialization, how to be predatory and how to be a mother.
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When should humans start interacting with kittens?
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Starting between 2 and 15 weeks. It may just be a touch for a while, but it needs to be done.
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When should kittens go to new homes?
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Best would be between 12 and 14 weeks, but never before weaning.
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When should kittens be weaned?
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At 7 weeks.
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How would describe cats behavioral patterns?
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Creature of habit.
Will react negatively to changes in daily routine. |
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Should tomcats be left with kittens (in general)?
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No he will kill them.
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What are some horse behaviors?
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Suspicious and nervous.
Eyes on side of head. Fear reaction: run away, bite. |
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How are the ears of a horse when he's nervous?
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Up and flickering.
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How are the ears of a horse when he's angry?
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Flattened back.
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How does a horse's tail show emotion?
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Nervous: circling
Pain: straight down Anger: tail between legs. |
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What are the behaviors expected of a foal when first born?
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Stand up immediately (within 1-3 hours)
Immediate human interaction. |
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Are dairy cows hard to handle?
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No
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Are Beef cattle hard to handle?
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Yes, harder than dairy cows.
Nervous (I would be too if I was being grown to kill.) |
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What behaviors are good to know for sheep?
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Flockers.
Don't like their wool pulled. |
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What behaviors are good to know for goats?
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Independent.
Never grab by horns. Want to be treated like dogs. Have alphas. |
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What behaviors are good to know for pigs?
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Most dangerous animal for humans.
Earplugs are required--> Bring a stick and plank of wood to protect legs. |
