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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some functions of cell walls?
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Responsible for cell shape. Prevention of cell rupture.
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What are some characteristics of bacterial cells?
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Cell Wall, no nucleus, no discrete organelles, .2-2microm diameter & 2-8 microm length
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What are the 3 shapes of bacteria
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Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rods), Spiral
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What are the 3 planes of growth called?
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Diplococci (doublets), Streptococci (lines), Staphylococci (groups)
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Describe the glycocalyx and list two of its functions
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1. "Sugar coat"
2. Capsule 3. Sticky, gelatinous polymer made up of polysaccharides and polypeptides Functions: protection and adsorption |
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List several objects inside the cell wall
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1. Plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane for selective permeability
2. Cytoplasm (80% water) 3. Nuclear area (nucleoid) |
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What are ribosomes used for? Inclusion?
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protein synthesis. Inclusion=reserve nutrient deposits
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What are several ways to classify bacteria?
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1. Gram stain
2. Shape 3. Arrangement 4. Mobility method 5. Atmospheric requirements 6. Biochemical reactions 7. Growth requirements 8. G/C ratio of nuclear material |
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List several ways of entry
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1. normally present
2. Broken skin 3. Respiratory tract 4. Gastrointestinal tract 5. Urogenital tract 6. Conjunctiva/mucous membrane |
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What are some mechanisms of spread?
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1. Physical contact
2. Air 3. Food and water 4. Insects 5. Fomites (inanimate objects) |
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What are 3 mechanisms of anti bacterial resistance
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1. Species insusceptibility
2. Innate immune system 3. Acquired immune system |
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What are some methods of bacterial disease production?
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1. Release of toxins
2. Release of destructive enzymes 3. Intracellular destruction |
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What is the difference b/w endo and exotoxins? Give examples of each
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Exotoxin: produced in cell and secreted by the cell or released when host cell is destroyed (tetanus, botulism)
Endotoxin: Walls of Gram (-) bacteria only. Toxins are released only if the bacterial cell dies (salmonella) |
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Give 5 examples of destructive enzymes. What are they able to do.
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Hyaluronidase, collagenas, elastase, protease, fibrinoytics. They can break down tissues and destroy antibodies.
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What is intracellular destruction?
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Due to expanding physical bulk (bacterial growth w/in the cell). Such bacteria are resistant to lysozymes (TB, brucellosis, listeriosis)
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What are two tests done to test which antibiotic to use?
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1. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration): the lowest level of antibiotic that will kill bacteria
2. Kirby Bauer: multiple antibiotic sensitivity discs |
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What are some things to consider before prescribing the antibiotic?
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1. Will drug distribute to the site of infection?
2 Will drug reach MIC levels in the patient? 3. Resistance status of the host 4. Toxicity 5. Compliance 6. Economics |
