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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two forms may antibiotics be?
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1. Bacteriocidal (kill bacteria)
2. Bacteriostatic (inhibit bacterial growth) |
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What is one (of two)mechanisms of action that antibiotics can do? (the bacteriocidal approach)
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1. Inhibition or disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis (penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins: bacteriocidals)
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What is the other mechanisms of action that antibiotics can do? (May be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal approach)
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inhibit or interference w/protein synthesis (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim-sulfonamides, etc)
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What are Anti-Inflammatories used for (I know, this is a toughy)
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To suppress or reduce inflammatory response
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What are the two types of Anti-inflammatories we'll discuss?
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1. Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS)
2. Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) |
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What do NSAIDS do?
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-block some part of cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, suppressing the synthesis of several chemical mediators of inflammation, especially prostaglandins
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Why are NSAIDS (aka COX inhibitors) problematic to the animal?
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-they block the COX pathway in tissues in the stomach. The prostaglandins in stomach protect it, if the COX1 inhibites prostaglandin production (via the COX pathway), ulcers can form
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COX1 inhibitor causes stomach alcers because of its lack of specificity, what does COX2 (celebrex)inhibitor do?
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Function only intissue areas of inflammation and not in the stomach so GI complications are much reduced
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NSAIDS markedly reduces what?
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prostaglandin dependent heat, swelling, edema, erythema and pain
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Due to what NSAIDS markedly reduce, they are thereby what?
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Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiendotoxic, antipyretic and antithrombotic
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What are the toxic effects of NSAIDS?
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1. gastrointestinal toxicity (irritation; ulceration)
2. Renal toxicity 3. local irritation 4. blood dyscrasias |
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What are some examples of NSAIDS?
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1. phenylbutazone (1950)
2. banamine 3. aspirin (1897) 4. dipyrone 5. naproxen 6. DMSO |
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Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) act on what level of the organism?
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Cellular
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What are 5 things Corticosteroids do in the cell?
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1. maintain and stabilize integrity of cell, lysosomal, mitochondrial membranes
2. Maintain microciculation 3. stablilize capillary permeability 4. modify cellular response to histamine release 5. alter cell DNA/RNA to produce new proteins tt may decrease inflamm. enzyme (ex: prostoglandin) |
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Corticosteroids also decreases four things; what are they?
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1. complement
2. lymphokines 3. chemotaxiz 4. phagocytosis by macrophages |
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What are 5 toxic/undesirable effects of Corticosteroids?
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1. poor wound healing
2. inhibition of bone growth and calcification 3. reduction in circulating eosinophils & lymphocytes (immunosuppression) 4. adrenal gland suppression 5. electrolyte imbalances |
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In Corticosteroids, what are the electrolyte imbalances?
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1. Na retention
2. K excretion 3. edema |
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What is iatrogenic Cushings disease (I think he forgot a letter in the first part of name)
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1. Muscle wasting
2. Skin atrophy 3. Alopecia 4. Polyuria/polydipsia (PU/PD) 5. Osteoporosis |
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What are some examples of medicines containing Corticosteroids?
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1. dexamethasone
2. betamethasone 4. hydrocortisone 5. triamicinalone 6. methylprednisolone |
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Anti-Cancer (cytotoxic) drugs for animals are becoming rare or common place? They are all adapted from what?
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Becoming common place. Adapted from human medicine
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What are Anti-Cancer drugs used primarily for?
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The treatment of lympho and myeloproliferative diseases (leukemias)and as an adjunct to surgical &/or radiation treatment of malignant tumors w/high risk of metastasis(ex:osteosarcoma)
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What is the mechanism of action of Anti-Cancer drugs?
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1. interfere w/replication &/or synthesis of RNA/DNA
2.Interfere w/cell division 3. Most effective against rapidly growing or dividing cells (whether they are neoplastic of not) |
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What are the toxicity/side effects of Anti-Cancer drugs?
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1. Organ systems containing a high # of dividing cells are most susceptible
2. Bone marrow: immunosuppression & anemia 3. Gastrointestinal system: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, wt. loss |
