Animal Genetics Exam 1

Front 1

Gregor Mendel

Back 1

-Laid Specific foundation for genetic science

- famous for pea experiment

Front 2

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, & Erich von Tscchermak

Back 2

rediscovered Mendel's work

Front 3

William Bateson

Back 3

Variation and heredity theories

Front 4

Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

Back 4

Developed chromosome theory

Front 5

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 5

Studied genetic model with fruit fly and found that genes are on chromosomes

Front 6

James D. Watson and Francis Crick

Back 6

Determined DNA is a double helix

Front 7

Heredity

Back 7

trasmission of biological properties from generation to generation

Front 8

Variation

Back 8

Differences between individuals and populations

Front 9

Genome

Back 9

Actual set of genes

Front 10

Genomics

Back 10

study of genomes

Front 11

Genetic Engineering

Back 11

Identification of genes, manipulation or altering of genetic material

Front 12

Plasma or cell membrane

Back 12

Allows for entrance and exit of cell

Front 13

Mitocondria

Back 13

TCA cycle, cellular respiration, has its own DNA

Front 14

Maternal Mitochondrial DNA

Back 14

How the offspring gets its own mitochondria, comes from female

Front 15

Lysosome

Back 15

kills cell with hydrogen peroxide

Front 16

Ribosome

Back 16

Protein synthesis, puts amino acids in peptide chains

Front 17

Golgi Apparatus

Back 17

receptor of ribosomes

Front 18

Nucleus

Back 18

stores DNA, may replicate

Front 19

Chromosomes

Back 19

Basic genetic material, contains nucleoproteins, DNA, RNA

Front 20

Somatic Cells

Back 20

Growing Cells (dipolid)

Front 21

Gametes

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Reproductive Cells (haploid)

Front 22

Gamete Fromation

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MALES: Spermatogenesis

FEMALES: Oogenesis

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Fetilization

Back 23

Random union of chromosomes

Front 24

Law 1 of Genetics

Back 24

Segregation and recombination

Front 25

Law 2 of Genetics

Back 25

Independent Assortment

Front 26

DNA

Back 26

Double helix of nucleotides, deoxyribucleic acid & histones

Front 27

Neucleotides

Back 27

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Front 28

Codon

Back 28

Determines sequence, only codes for one amino acid (triplet codon)

Front 29

mRNA

Back 29

single long strand instead of double helix of DNA, messenger RNA

Front 30

tRNA

Back 30

short strand of 3 nucleotides, anti-codon, transfer RNA

Front 31

Unambiguous

Back 31

Codon is specific to a single amino acid

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Gene

Back 32

Segment of DNA that codes for protein

Front 33

Mutation

Back 33

A genetic disruption, biological change in DNA that changes the code for a specific gene

Front 34

Aneuploidy

Back 34

one or more chromosomes are duplicated or deleted

Front 35

Monsomy

Back 35

one chromosome, causes early embryonic loss in animals

Front 36

Disomy

Back 36

normal number of chromosmes

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trisomy

Back 37

Addition of an extra chromosme to a ddiplod pair

Front 38

Polyploidy

Back 38

more than two haploid sets of chromosomes present

Front 39

Chromosomal Deletion

Back 39

break in a chromosome resulting in a missing section

Front 40

Chromosomal Duplicaiton

Back 40

single gene or large piece of chromosome is present more than once

Front 41

chromosomal inversion

Back 41

segment of chromosome is turned around (180)

Front 42

Chromosomal Transolocation

Back 42

movement of a chromosome segment to a new location in the genome

Front 43

Nucleotide Substitiution

Back 43

a nitrogen base is replaced by another nitrogen base

Front 44

Nucleotide Deletion

Back 44

a nitrogen base is deleted from the nucleotide series

Front 45

Nucleotide Insertion

Back 45

a nitrogen base is inserted into the nucleotide series

Front 46

Linkage

Back 46

when two genes are located on the same chromosome

Front 47

Crossing Over

Back 47

exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis

Front 48

Biotechnology

Back 48

use of living organisms to improve, modify, or produce important products

Front 49

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Back 49

small genetic differences in an animals DNA sequence at a specific locus

Front 50

Gene Marks

Back 50

a detectable gene or DNA fragment used to identify Alleles

Front 51

Gene Maps

Back 51

diagram showing the chromosomal locations of specific genetic markers

Front 52

Marker Assisted Selection

Back 52

use of gene markers to aid selection

Front 53

DNA fingerprinting for animal identification

Back 53

unique genetic identification based on electrophoresis patterns or bar codes

Front 54

Gene Transfer

Back 54

transplantation of specific genes from one individual to another using lab techiques

Front 55

Gene Thearpy

Back 55

a branch of gene transfer that is the insertion or changing of genes to treat for genetic diseases

Front 56

Epigenetics

Back 56

the study of changes in gene code that does not involve alterations to the gene code but still gets passed down to at least one successive generation

Front 57

Trait

Back 57

any observable or measurable characteristic

Front 58

Phenotype

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observed category or measured level of performance for a trait

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Genotype

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Characteristc that cannot be seen

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Locus

Back 60

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

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allele

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Possible alternative forms of a gene

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Codominence

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where both dominant and recessive traits show

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Homozygous

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both genes are functionally the same

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Heterozygous

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both genes are different

Front 65

Hybrid

Back 65

offspring of parents that are homozygous for different alleles

Front 66

Haplotype

Back 66

segment of single strands of DNA that patents pass to offspring

Front 67

Sex-linked traits

Back 67

the pattern of inheritance for genes located on the sex chromosome

Front 68

Complete domiance

Back 68

Example: Polled/horned cattle

Front 69

Overdominance

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hetero-zygotes are superior to either homo-zygotes. Often called hybrid vigor

Front 70

Penetrance

Back 70

percentage of individuals with genes that show some degree of expression

Front 71

Plietropy

Back 71

gene affects two or more characteristics or traits

Front 72

independent gene action

Back 72

genes at different loci have no affect on each other

Front 73

additive gene

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when genes added or expression to a trait

Front 74

Epistatic gene

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when one gene messes with another

Front 75

Sex influenced traits

Back 75

made of gene expression, differs between males and females

Front 76

sex limited traits

Back 76

trait is only expressed in one sex despite the gene being present in both genders