Animal Exam 2 Part 1

Front 1

oxytocin gene knock out mice

Back 1

can't remember with which females they've interacted

Front 2

Fox B knock out mice

Back 2

don't coll their pups to warm them

Front 3

social amnesia

Back 3

due to loss of oxytocin gene. when they forget who they have interacted with previously

Front 4

oxytocinergic neurons have cell bodies in the _____ that project to the _______ to ________

Back 4

hypothalamus, pituitary, release oxytocin into blood

Front 5

nucleus accumbens

Back 5

reward seeking behavior. oxytocin is also released here

Front 6

inland snakes eat

Back 6

fish and frogs

Front 7

coastal snakes eat

Back 7

banana slugs

Front 8

how was the question "will inland snakes eat slugs if they are presented" tested

Back 8

tested by taking pregnant females from coastal and inland snakes and raised them in identical conditions and isolated them from a lot of cues. Then they gave them freshly cut slugs everyday. inland snakes did not see the thawed slugs as food. They also let baby snakes dip their tongue in tadpole solution and a slug solution. coastal snakes viewed the slug solution as food, but inland didn't. Suggests that this is from genes, and not learned

Front 9

artificial selection example

Back 9

size of nest from house mice

Front 10

house mice nest size experiment

Back 10

artifically selected a high, control, and low line of nest builders. bred for 15 generations and found that if high nest builders were bred together with the other highest nest builder, then their childrens nest got continually bigger and the opposite was found for low nest builders

Front 11

polyphenism

Back 11

poly- many, phen- phenotype

polyphenism- many behaviors

Front 12

developmental homeostasis

Back 12

throughout development, we tend to seek the average for certain traits in our features. Harlow experiment is an example because it showed that the monkeys wanted a basal level of socialization in order to develop normally.

Front 13

Australian Brush Turkey

Back 13

don't need any interactions with parents or other animals in the species. Males scrape together a huge mound for a nest so the female can lay eggs in it. bigger nest attracts females better. Mound keeps eggs warm. Father isn't around when chicks hatch. Recognize same species because they all make the same pecking motion.

Front 14

How are cowbirds a brood parasite

Back 14

lays eggs in other birds nests and push out other eggs. Yells a lot which shows pink rhomboid which makes the mother make a releasing mechanism to feed it. It is a lot bigger so it can get more food from the mother. Don't have strong imprinting mechanisms, but recognizes precopulatory pose from males so can recognize it's own species

Front 15

reproductive advantages of developmental homeostasis are particularly great in species that choose mates based on _______ like the ______. Why is this

Back 15

symmetry, barn swallow. this is because stress or nutritional deficiencies lead to less symmetry in adulthood then the others.

Front 16

barn swallow

Back 16

female barn swallows prefer males with very long symmetrical outer tail feathers.

Front 17

brush legged wolf spiders

Back 17

rely on symmetry and size of legs to attract females. Preform a mating dance to attract females where they wave around their legs to show how symmetrical and large they are

Front 18

highly canalyzed phenotype

Back 18

there are less variation between members of the species (bell curve)

Front 19

tiger salamanders

Back 19

if food is lacking, some will become canibalistic and others will remain in the larval stage. Example of food-induced polyphenism

Front 20

male cichlids

Back 20

example of socially induced polyphenism. males can either become really colorful if they are dominant, but if they are subordinant, they will remain plane

Front 21

aphids "soldier caste"

Back 21

example of predator induced polyphenism. if there are a lot of predators, this can change their phenotypes. Some aphids become soldier caste where they develop strong arms to become a guard

Front 22

if a cichlid is given more Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, what will happen

Back 22

more sex steroids will be released which leads to more aggression, maturation of gonads, and more color and black "eyebar" appearance.

Front 23

subordinant male cichlids show an increase in ______ during __________

Back 23

egr-1. During the transmission to dominant and then later on it will decline. Shows neuroplasticity happening

Front 24

male thynnine wasps

Back 24

Females release sex pheromones to attract males. Orchids have evolved to serve as a female decoy where they look like the female and emit odors that mimic wasp sex pheromones. This males males go to them to copulate. This enhances orchid pollination. Wasps know this, so they have learned not to go near the plant. This shows spatial learning in the wasps

Front 25

What was the experiment to evaluate spatial learning in male thynnine wasps

Back 25

they had an orchid and measured the number of visits by the wasp to the plant over time. Found that the wasp was able to learn not to got there. Then they added a female, but the wasp still wouldn't go there because it had learned that when there was something that looked like a female and the scent on that particular orchid, that it was nothing

Front 26

learning abilities among members of the crow family experiment

Back 26

different types of birds were trained to remember a location of a circle on a screen. the amount of time they retained this information was tested (retention interval). found that clark's nutcrackers by far remembered the circle the best. In non spatial tasks, however, the clark's nutcracker falls about in the middle of the pack.

Front 27

spatial learning differences in meadow vole and prairie vole experiment

Back 27

polygynous male meadow voles roam a huge area, whereas monogamous prairie voles have small area. Looked at sex differences between the two in a maze and found that in meadow voles, males out preformed females and made less errors in the maze because they roamed more, but in prairie voles, they were about the same because males and females roamed about the same.

Front 28

sex differences in hippocampal volume example

Back 28

female cowbirds have a larger hippocampus than males. This isn't shared with blackbird or grackle so is something with that species. suggests that females have more difficult task to remember where to find nests to lay eggs.

Front 29

operant conditioning

Back 29

type of instrumental learning (by skinner) in which animals can make choices in a box and then are rewarded or punished

Front 30

associative learning is limited by

Back 30

the natural environmetnal conditions in which an animal has evolved. If you are doing a taste aversion with a mouse and give them a foot shock, they won't learn it because there isn't anything in their natural environment that would teach them that

Front 31

why can't vampire bats form learned taste aversions compared to other kinds of bats

Back 31

because bats go after blood from alive animals, which means that it probably isn't going to have toxins. In experiments where the bat is injected with either saline, a toxin, or a delayed toxin, insectivorous bats learned quickly, but vampire bats did not

Front 32

cane toad history

Back 32

introduced to australia where they didn't have any natural predators and thrived. Released bufotoxin which is a type of catecholamine that leads to increased heart rate, salivation, hallucination, paralysis, and death. This lead to the endangerment of the Quoll.

Front 33

grasping behavior

Back 33

a type of complex response to a simple stimuli generated by the nervous system where male toads will mount anything with the shape of a female (like a toe of a boot)

Front 34

centris pallida

Back 34

a type of bee that does the same type of grasping behavior that the toad does to a simple stimuli (roundedness which is shape of female)

Front 35

fixed behavior

Back 35

occur in response to a simple stimuli. Produce predictable responses and allow optimal behaviors with limited experience

Front 36

fixed behavior bull gull chicks

Back 36

begging behavior. pecking in response to red dot. This was tested by measuring how much baby gull chicks would peck to either a normal looking head, just the beak, a head without the red dot, or just the red dot. Found out that just the red dot was the releaser that caused the begging behavior. Did another study and found that really what they are paying attention to is contrast in the dot

Front 37

innate releasing mechanism

Back 37

the neural network that can detect a simple cue (releaser) and activate an instinct (fixed action potential)

Front 38

what enables bill spots to be big and have high contrast

Back 38

dietary carotenoids (antioxidants) found in food. They did a study where they took birds from crude oil places and birds with good nutrition and looked at size of dot.

Front 39

instinct theory

Back 39

developed by Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. states that simple stimuli activate or release complex behaviors.

Front 40

code breaking

Back 40

when species exploit other species fixed action pattern (cowbird)

Front 41

bolas spider deception

Back 41

have a little sticky globul at the end of them that it uses as a laso to reel in prey (moth species). The globule releases pheromones to attract male moths depending on which moths are most popular at the moment.

Front 42

wasps and caterpillar deception

Back 42

wasps lay eggs in caterpillar bodies by tricking the red ants that guard the caterpillars. the caterpillars trick the ants to take care of them by making the same noise as the queen and releasing queen ant pheromones. When wasps fly in, it releases it's own pheromones which cause the ants to be disregulated. This lets the wasps insert eggs into the caterpillar to give the eggs a source of nutrition while developing.

Front 43

Where are A1 and A2 located in the moth

Back 43

in the thorax

Front 44

A1 and A2

Back 44

sensory neurons that interact with interneurons to convey information to motor neurons. These cause excitation of muscles which lead to the wing. Mechanical stimulation causes action potentials, and the interneurons that cross over the body.

Front 45

Which audio center is most sensitive

Back 45

A1. A low intensity sound doesn't lead to action potentials in Aw, but does for A1. it increases it's firing with increased intensities.

Front 46

When does A2 fire

Back 46

only among high intensity sounds. Adds complexity to MCc phonoresponse

Front 47

A1 receptors are very sensitive to _____ but not as sensitive to _____

Back 47

pulses, constant sound (it habituates)

Front 48

terminal buzz

Back 48

sound the bat makes to determine exactly where the moth is

Front 49

what are the three hypothesis for ultrasonic clicks from the moth

Back 49

1. disrupts the bats first attack, then may learn to ignore the ultrasonic click, i.e. causes startle response (nope)

2. bats will hear the click, and this will serve as a taste indicator that moth is poisonous (nope)

3. Clicks jam the bat's radar with beams of high frequency sond that interfere with echo- location

Front 50

tymbal

Back 50

produces the clicks in the moth.

Front 51

cricket mating preferences

Back 51

island female crickets are less choosy about their mates because their are less mates to choose from. Research shows that island females, compared to mainland females, are way more likely to select a male that is not capable of making any sound (flatwing males)

Front 52

tungara frogs

Back 52

female tungara frogs and fringe-lipped bats prefer males who have "chucks" in their mating calls, male frogs adapt to give chuck-less whining calls in areas of high bat predation.

Front 53

where are cricket ears

Back 53

on the forelegs. they are ultrasound sensitive sot hey are able to hear bat cries

Front 54

effect of activating the interneurons in the cricket

Back 54

leads to bending of the cricket abdomen and which way it depends on pitch of sound. a sound coming from the same side could bend either way depending on frequency. Low frequency causes the cricket to bend towards the source and high frequency means predator (bat) so they bend away from sound.

Front 55

tests to determine if int-1 cells are part of the circuit to guide responses to sound in crickets

Back 55

experimentally inactivated int-1 neuron and measured response to 40 kHz (didn't attempt to steer away from stimulus)

Experimentally activate int-1 neurons and measured response (change body orientation by bending abdomen)

decapitated cricket to see if brain is involved and measured response (didn't attempt to steer away)

This tells us that int-1 neurons are critical for regulating ability to hear.

Front 56

escape behavior by sea slugs

Back 56

bend by contracting dorsal and ventral muscle

Front 57

S cells

Back 57

release glutamate in the sea slug which activates the glutamate receptors on the Trigger Type 1 (Tr1) and the dorsal Ramp Interneuron (DRI). DRI sends excitatory signals to DSI (dorsal swim interneurons). activates dorsal flexion neuron and inhibits ventral flexion neuron and then switches. Activated glutamate receptors admit sodium which can lead to an action potential.

Front 58

male plainfin midshipman fish

Back 58

use CPG in muscles that cause singing. causes contraction and relaxtion in sonic muscles which make a drum like sound. Sonic muscle hits the swim bladder isn't where urine is, but is a bladder filled with air that helps to maintain bouyancy

Front 59

photophores

Back 59

male plainfin midshipman create light to attract prey

Front 60

sonic motor nuclei

Back 60

controls the sonic muscles in the plainfin midshipman. Series of activation is the mesencephalon to the cerebellum to the ventral medullary nucleus (which coordinates movement on both sides) to the pacemaker neurons (which set the firing rate for the sonic motor nucleus)

Front 61

what alters neurons during mating season for midshipman fish

Back 61

androgens and estrogens. Females is attracted and will lay their eggs which the male will protect. Two different forms of males that vary in size. singing is better in the bigger phenotype (type I) and poor in sneaker phenotype (type II) which sneaks into the puddle of the other phenotype and mate with females there and singing phenotype doesn't mind because they think they are females. Sometimes called sexual parasite

Front 62

stimulus filtering

Back 62

selective sensitivity to environmental cues. Female midshipman are only attracted to type I song because of hormones present which intensify auditory sensitivity. they have lower thresholds than noon-reproductive females suggesting they can hear more

Front 63

tympanum

Back 63

thin flexible sheet of cuticle over ear of moth

Front 64

electrical synapse

Back 64

gap junctions allow ions to move directly between cells (fast/ coupled response).. A1/A2 are electrical synapses

Front 65

which appendage is the most sensitive in star nosed mole

Back 65

11

Front 66

How many appendages does a starnosed mole have and what is on each appendage

Back 66

it has 22 and there are eimer's organs on the appendages which are little dots that increase surface area. each eimer's organ has sensory cells that respond to mechanical deformation of skin

Front 67

how quick can a star nosed mole decide if it wants to eat something

Back 67

less than 25 ms

Front 68

somatotopically arranged

Back 68

there is a tactile map on the cortex that corresponds to areas of the nose

Front 69

somatosensory cortex is responsible for sending out ____ commands

Back 69

motor

Front 70

ascending sensory tract

Back 70

a relay of 3 neurons which convey touch information.

Front 71

skin acuity

Back 71

sensitivity for skin.

Front 72

what is skin acuity based on

Back 72

receptor density (brain space devoted to the region) and receptive field size (smaller is more accurate)

Front 73

UV reflection in avian species

Back 73

helps to determine sex. this is why male blue throat's feathers are blue and gouldian finch have bright colored necks.

Front 74

UV reflectance in reptiles

Back 74

females prefer males with more UV reflectance. UV reflectance is generally a patch inside the mouth that when they open their mouth can be seen. UV light also helps to win fights and is suspected that it helps the reptiles absorb nutrients (why you should always have UV lights when housing reptiles)

Front 75

polarity in monarchs

Back 75

they attend to the sunlight's polarity when migrating for the winter

Front 76

what do sea turtles use for their migration

Back 76

earth's magnetic field

Front 77

brominating

Back 77

huddling together in groups which help to keep snakes warm.

Front 78

what drives male ring doves courting behavior

Back 78

testosterone

Front 79

what is male ring dove courting behavior

Back 79

aggressive chasing, strutting, bowing to the female

Front 80

what drives nest soliciting in male ring doves

Back 80

17-beta estradiol (E2)

Front 81

what do female ring doves pay attention to

Back 81

nest soliciting activities. Basically ignore the courting behavior.

Front 82

what happens in male ring doves if aromatase is given

Back 82

testosterone can't be converted so the males can't do the nest orienting behavior. Therefore, no mating

Front 83

what controls the behavior in preying mantis to strike when prey is within reach

Back 83

ganglia, especially in the first thoracic ganglia.

Front 84

what was the result when they cut the link between the first thoracic ganglion and the subesophageal ganglion

Back 84

animal couldn't move

Front 85

what were the results when they cut the connection between the protocerebral ganglion and the subesophageal ganglion

Back 85

the limbs were walking constantly. this suggests that the subesophageal gnalion is probably constantly excitatory and the rpotocerebrral gnalion is inhibiting it

Front 86

what happens when you decapitate a male preying mantis

Back 86

it forms a repetitive circle. this is because the female will decapitate the male if under nutritional stress, but it still needs to finish the job

Front 87

what was the result when they cut the ganglion connection to the rest of the nervous system

Back 87

can't strike, but if electrically stimulated restores complete striking motion

Front 88

blowfly

Back 88

has sensory cells on feet that help them to find liquids to drink. once the midgut is full, it puts food into the crop. when that is full, it sends signals to the brain to stop eating (recurrent nerve). if you cut this nerve, it eats till it blows.

Front 89

teleogryllus crickets

Back 89

notcturnal, males call at night. start chirping about 16 hours apart, unless the sun tells them otherwise. This is an example of internal schedule based on enviromental cues

Front 90

entrained response

Back 90

the environment synchonizes the clock

Front 91

free-running cycle

Back 91

length of period deviates from the earth's 24 hour cycle

Front 92

what happens when the connection between the eyes and the optic lobes were severed in crickets

Back 92

they had a free-running circadian cycle instead meaning it was absent of environmental cues.

Front 93

what happened when they separated optic lobe from the rest of the brain in crickets

Back 93

the crickets call anytime (day or night). this suggests that the master clock mechanism resides in the cricket's optic lobes

Front 94

master clock in vertebrates

Back 94

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 95

syncytium

Back 95

neurons in the hypothalamus that are connected through gap junctions so that they fire together as one big cell.

Front 96

suprachiasmatic nucleus leasions in hamsters leads to

Back 96

disruption of clock functions making them very whenever instead of just at night.

Front 97

pacemaker cell for circadian rhythm

Back 97

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 98

naked mole rat

Back 98

live in huge colonies with a matriarch. live in dens similar to an ant maze. shows a brief episode of activity and scattered periods of inactivity. aren't exposed to light and don't have a period where they are being predated on more. No pattern was found in circadian rhythm.

Front 99

circannual

Back 99

things that occur about a year, every year

Front 100

test to assess circannual behaviors in squirrels

Back 100

blinded squirrels and watched them for multiple years without access to outdoor cues. found that when they tracked them throughout the years, they hibernated at about the same time and were active at about the same time.

Front 101

stonechat

Back 101

there are rainy seasons in spring that determines their reproductive cycle. when there aren't any outdoor cues, they still show a reproductive cycle but it becomes slightly shifted through the years. looked at testicular width to see how much the hormones were changing through the year.

Front 102

banner-tailed kangaroo rats

Back 102

foraging behaviors change over the lunar cycle. This is to avoid nocturnal predators. measured # visits to a feeder.

Front 103

white crowned sparrow

Back 103

copes with dramatic seasonal change. detects photoperiod length through their eyes. when put in summer solstace level of light, the testes grow dramatically. when there is more night time than day light (winter) their testes don't grow at all. by putting them in either long or short, or varying days, they found that there is a photosensitivity peak at around 16-20 hours that determine whether the gonads grow or not.

Front 104

crossbills

Back 104

feed on conifer seeds which are high year round so it can breed year round. there is still a minimum threshold of photoperiod length for hormonal changes to occur. Eat mostly during winter months.

Front 105

crossbill experiment

Back 105

took captive birds and held under natural photoperiods, but food and temp were the same. there was still an ebb and a flow of teste length with the photoperiod.

Front 106

3 basic mechanisms that structure behavior

Back 106

neural command centers communicate with one another, clocks schedule activity in neural command centers, hormonal systems respond to physical/ social environments to adjust priorities of competing command centers

Front 107

what determines infanticidal behavior in house mice

Back 107

the number of light/ dark cycles, not the 24 hour periods.