Animal Diseases Lecture 3 (Upper/lower Respiratory)

Front 1

What structures are located in the upper respiratory tract?

Back 1

Nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx

Front 2

What structures are located in the lower respiratory tract?

Back 2

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Pleural Cavity

Front 3

Name at least 3 diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract.

Back 3

Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Epistaxis(nosebleed), Nasal Tumors, Tonsilitis, Laryngitis, Laryngeal Paralysis, Nasopharyngeal Polyps.

Front 4

What is Rhinitis?

Back 4

Inflammation, irritation and infection of the nasal cavity.

Front 5

What is the most common cause of Rhinitis?

Back 5

Viral infection is the most common cause, bacterial infection is often a common secondary complication.

Front 6

What is chronic rhinitis? What causes it?

Back 6

It is a chronic inflammatory disease. Caused by trauma, parasites, foreign bodies, neoplasia(cancer), or mycotic infection.

Front 7

What are three signs of rhinitis?

Back 7

Serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent d/c, crusty lesions, respiratory stertor(wheezing), open mouth breathing/dyspnea, sneezing, pawing at nose, coughing/gagging.

Front 8

How would you diagnose rhinitis?

Back 8

Clinical signs and hx., culture and sensitivity (typically shows staph), and/or a rhinoscopy.

Front 9

Give 2 ways to treat rhinitis.

Back 9

Gently clean the nares (nostrils), apply triple antibiotic ointment, systemic antibiotics, vasoconstrictive drugs and antihistamines (to clear nasal cavity) ex. phenylepherine drops and ephedrine (orally).

Front 10

What is sinusitis?

Back 10

Inflammation, irritation and infection of the sinuses. (usually frontal and maxillary)

Front 11

What often causes sinusitis?

Back 11

Tooth root abcesses and retrobulbular abcesses.

Front 12

What are 2 signs of sinusitis?

Back 12

Swelling under eye or on the side with the bad tooth, unilateral nasal discharge. (it may look like an eye problem at first.)

Front 13

What is one way to diagnose sinusitis?

Back 13

Exam, Radiographs, Culture and sensitivity

Front 14

Give a treatment method for sinusitis.

Back 14

antibiotics, remove infected teeth, puncture abscess, flush open fistulas.

Front 15

What is epistaxis?

Back 15

A fancy word for nosebleed.

Front 16

What are some ways to stop epistaxis?

Back 16

Chilled epinepherine (causes vasoconstriction), Apply pressure to nasal cavities, Vitamin K therapy if rodenticide poisoning is suspected.

Front 17

What can cause epistaxis?

Back 17

Trauma, foreign bodies, tumors, rodenticide poisoning.

Front 18

What percentage of nasal tumors in dogs is malignant?

Back 18

80% in dogs *carcinomas are most common

Front 19

What percentage of nasal tumors in cats is malignant?

Back 19

90% in cats *carcinomas and lymphomas are most common

Front 20

Which facial types in dogs are most likely to get nasal tumors?

Brachycephalic, Mesocephalic, Dolichocephalic

Back 20

Mesocephalic and dolichocephalic breeds are more likely.

Front 21

Give 2 clinical signs of nasal tumors.

Back 21

Facial/oral deformation, unilateral d/c that doesn't respond to therapy (chronic d/c may become unilateral), epistaxis, sneezing, wheezing.

Front 22

How would you diagnose nasal tumors?

Back 22

Rule out all other possible causes, radiographs, CT, Rhinoscopy, Biopsy.

Front 23

What are some ways to treat nasal tumors?

Back 23

Chemo, Radiation, Surgical removal.

(These are only temporary cures for the symptoms though. Masses generally reoccur.)

Front 24

What is tonsilitis?

Back 24

Inflammation, infection of the tonsils.

(Common in dogs, rare in cats)

Front 25

What are two clinical signs of tonsilitis?

Back 25

Gagging, retching, short soft cough, inaapetence, salivation, dysphagia.

Front 26

Give one way to diagnose tonsilitis.

Back 26

Examination (enlargement of tonsils, tonsils may look red).

Front 27

Give one example of a neoplasia that commonly occurs in canine tonsils.

Back 27

lymphosarcoma, milgnant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma.

Side note: (lymphosarcoma usually results in bilateral symmetric enlargement. Nonlymphoid neoplasia is usually unilateral.)

Front 28

Give a treatment option for tonsilitis.

Back 28

Antibiotics, soft/liquid diet, pain relief, anti-inflammatories, surgical removal (chronic infection/neoplasias).

Front 29

What is laryngitis?

Back 29

Inflammation, irritation, infection of the larynx.

(typically due to excessive noise making)

Front 30

When examining for laryngitis, what would you most likely see?

Back 30

Redness and inflammation of the larynx.

Front 31

How would you treat laryngitis?

Back 31

restrict noise making, antibiotics (if infection is present), anti-inflammatories(often glucocorticoids)

Front 32

Laryngeal paralysis can be hereditary, what is one breed that is prone to it?

Back 32

Bouvier, siberian husky, bulldog, leonberger.

Front 33

What are 3 clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis?

Back 33

vocal changes, inspiratory stridor (wheezing on inspiration), standing with head lowered/mouth open, cyanotic mucous membranes, increased pulse rate, hyperthermia, neck extension.

Front 34

Diagnosis for laryngeal paralysis can be done how?

Back 34

examination, clinical signs, laryngoscopy

Front 35

What is one way to treat laryngeal paralysis?

Back 35

Laryngeal tieback(permanent fix), calm down the patient, oxygen supplementation, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, cool them off, tracheostomy.

Front 36

Benign inflammatory growths of connective tissue arising from the mucosal lining of the tympanic bulla, the pharyngeal mucosa, or the auditory tube are called ______.

Back 36

Nasopharyngeal polyps.

Front 37

What is a treatment option for nasopharyngeal polyps?

Back 37

Surgical removal. (Horner's syndrome is a common complication)

Front 38

Name 3 diseases that affect the lower respiratory tract.

Back 38

infectious canine tracheobronchitis, feline bordetella, collapsing trachea, feline asthma, feline heartworm, feline viral rhinotracheitis(herpesvirus), feline calicivirus, fungal diseases, pleural effusion, pulmonary neoplasia.

Front 39

Infectious canine tracheobronchitis is what?

Back 39

acute or chronic inflammation of the trachea and bronchial airways. (Kennel cough)

Front 40

The onset of Kennel cough usually occurs how many days after exposure?

Back 40

5-10 days

Front 41

Give a clinical sign of kennel cough

Back 41

Dry, hacking, honking, paroxysmal(spasmic) cough, may produce small amounts of phlegm, often worse at night.

Front 42

How would you diagnose Kennel cough?

Back 42

look at exposure factors, clinical signs, is there a cough produced on tracheal palpation?

Front 43

Kennel cough is self limiting(and highly contagious), however, it may progress to what two other diseases?

Back 43

fatal bronchopneumonia(puppies/geriatrics), chronic bronchitis (debilitated adults)

Front 44

How long does it usually take for kennel cough to go away? What are some treatment options that are available?

Back 44

2-3 weeks. Glucocorticoids for inflammation (temaril-p, prednisone), antitussives (hydrocodone, butorphanol), bronchial dilators (aminophylline, terbutaline).

Front 45

When giving a vaccine for kennel cough, you would give Bordetella bronchiseptica Intranasally and Bb+parainfluenza by injection.

True or false

Back 45

False. Bordetella bronchiseptica is an injection

Bb+parainfluenze is intranasal.

Front 46

Feline Bordetella infection is self-limiting, however, it can be dangerous to who?

Back 46

Young kittens, and severely immunocompromised animals.

Front 47

Give 2 clinical signs of feline bordetella infection.

Back 47

fever, sneezing, mucopurulent nasal d/c, submandibular lymphadenopathy, coughing, rales, malaise(just plain not feeling good)

Front 48

Diagnosis for feline Bordetella Infection is made specifically by ______.

Back 48

Culture and sensitivity form oropharyngeal swabs.

Front 49

Feline Bordetella Infection is very close to what other two feline infectious diseases?

Back 49

Feline calici and herpes viruses. (infectious/contagious between cats, and prevention is best.)

Front 50

When I say that prevention is best for keeping cats healthy, what am I saying?

Back 50

Eliminate stress, good hygiene, good nutrition, keep sick cats isolated.

Front 51

A defect in which tracheal rings lose the ability to remain firm and collapse during respiration is called ______.

Back 51

Collapsing trachea (this is frequently seen in small and toy breeds, also more susceptible if overweight, or older.)

Front 52

What are 3 clinical signs that an animal may have collapsing trachea?

Back 52

Harsh dry honking cough that gets worse during exercise/excitement or wearing a collar/pulling, frequently has concurrent heart disease/chronic bronchitis.

Front 53

How do we diagnose a collapsing trachea?

Back 53

Cough produced on palpation, radiographs (show narrowing of trachea), bronchoscopy, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, rule out all other possible causes.

Front 54

There are several drug treatment options for collapsing trachea, which include anti-tussives, glucocorticoids and bronchial dilators. Can you name one drug from each category?

Back 54

Anti-tussives: butorphanol, hydrocodone

Glucocorticoids: prednisone

bronchial dilators: theopylline, terbutaline

Front 55

What are some other ways that you can reduce incidents of collapsing trachea?

Back 55

Weight loss, using a harness, decrease secondhand smoke exposure, manage secondary infections, manage heart disease.

Front 56

To treat an animal during an episode of collapsing trachea, what can you do?

Back 56

calm the animal, slow breathing, oxygen therapy(as needed), glucocorticoids (inflammation)

Front 57

When doing surgical treatment for tracheal collapse, what is the treatment aimed at?

Back 57

Adding external support for the trachea (stents, or plastic rings for support).

Front 58

What does this picture show?

Back 58

Collapsed trachea

Front 59

Spontaneous bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and hyperreactivity can be used to describe this feline lower respiratory disease.

Back 59

Feline asthma

Front 60

Give 2 clinical signs of feline asthma.

Back 60

Acute onset of dyspnea, cough, wheezing, lethargy, gets worse when it is hot and humid or on high dust/pollen count days.

Front 61

How is feline asthma diagnosed?

Back 61

Clinical signs, history, rule out other diseases, radiographs (often show diffuse bronchostitial pattern.)

Front 62

Treatment for feline asthma is usually aimed at alleviating dyspnea and controlling inflammation, give me an example of a high-dose/long-term corticosteroid for inflammation, and a bronchodilator.

Back 62

Corticosteroid: Prednisone, Depo-Medrol.

Bronchodilator: Terbutaline, Cyproheptadine

Front 63

Name two oral inhaled medications that are used at home to treat feline asthma. (Maintenance and rescue med)

Back 63

Maintenance: Flovent (fluticasone)

Rescue Med: Albuterol

Front 64

How would you go about alleviating your cats symptoms for feline asthma (at home)?

Back 64

Decrease allergen exposure, aggressive treatment(acute attacks), air-conditioners/purifiers, nebulizers.

Front 65

What is HARD?

Back 65

Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease

Front 66

What are 3 clinical signs of heartworm?

Back 66

cough, dyspnea, wt. loss, anorexia, lethargy, tachycardia, occasional CNS, often presents as an acute asthma attack.

Front 67

Why is it hard to diagnose HARD?

Back 67

ELISA tests show past exposure as well as active infection (doesn't differentiate), Antigen tests are difficult because there is usually a low worm burden and they're all males.

Front 68

Is there an approved treatment for heartworm right now?

Back 68

No. But you can use things like Interceptor, Heartgard for cats, and revolution for prevention options. Also, supportive care includes, cage rest, bronchodilators, and steroids(inflammation).

Front 69

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis is also called what?

Back 69

Feline herpesvirus (FHV)

Front 70

Feline Herpesvirus has a high morbidity/low mortality rate, and is hard to inactivate in the environment. True or False.

Back 70

False. high morbidity/moderate mortality, easy to inactivate in the environment.

Front 71

Give the clinical signs of Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis.

Back 71

Acute onset of sneezing, severe conjunctivitis, purulent rhinitis, fever, depression, anorexia, ulcers on nose, excessive drooling, corneal ulcers, spontaneous abortion.

Front 72

Treatment for Feline Rhinotrachitis (feline herpesvirus) is aimed at what?

Back 72

Supportive care: fluids, electrolytes, BSA's, Steam/vaporization/nebulization, clean eyes/nose, feeding, decrease stress, lysine.

Front 73

What is one thing that interferes with viral replication of feline herpesvirus(feline viral rhinotracheitis)?

Back 73

Lysine (shortens episodes), also there is chronic-intermittent shedding during times of stress, so keep stress free. *The virus is easily killed by disinfectants.

Front 74

What is your best defense when treating feline viral rhinotracheitis(feline herpesvirus)?

Back 74

Good vaccination protocol.

Front 75

Feline Calicivirus has high morbidity/low mortality.

True or False

Back 75

True

Front 76

Where does the feline calicivirus replicate?

Back 76

Oral and resp. tract epithelium

Front 77

Where is feline calicivirus secreted?

Back 77

saliva, feces, urine, and respiratory. (very hard to kill with disinfectants, and spread by direct contact/fomites).

Front 78

What are 2 clinical signs of feline calicivirus?

Back 78

Oral ulcers, increased salivation, pneumonia, acute arthritis, diarrhea, fever, serous ocular/nasal d/c, mild to moderate conjunctivitis.

Front 79

Treatment for calicivirus is aimed at ______care.

Back 79

Supportive care: fluids, keeping eyes/nose clean, BSA's, Feeding, oxygen (as needed), vaporizers, nebulizers, steam therapy.

Front 80

Vaccination for Calicivirus will prevent the animal from getting the disease.

True or False

Back 80

False. Doesn't guarantee immunity, but will limit the severity.

Front 81

How long do the clinical signs for calici virus usually last?

Back 81

5-7 days (anorexia/ulcers can last longer)

Front 82

What is the mortality rate for Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus (VS-FCV)?

Back 82

~65% (symptoms include d/c from eyes/nose, mouth ulcers, jaundice, mult. organ dysfunction syndrome, fever, lethargy, anorexia, edema of limbs/face.

Front 83

What are the 4 most common fungal diseases in animals?

Back 83

Blastomycosis, Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis.

Front 84

Blastomycosis is caused by what?

Back 84

Blastomyces dermatitidis (Mid-US) Incubation period=5-12 weeks, 3 clinical forms.

Front 85

What is shown here?

Back 85

blastomycosis

Front 86

What is this?

Back 86

blastomycosis

Front 87

What are 2 clinical signs of blastomycosis?

Back 87

Lymphadenopathy, Wound exudates, ocular/nasal d/c, dyspnea, cough, fever, wt. loss, depression, anorexia.

Front 88

How is diagnosis usually made for blastomycosis?

Back 88

lack of response to therapy, CBC, chem, Hypercalcemia, aspirates/smears, radiographs.

Front 89

What is used to treat blastomycosis?

Back 89

Amphotericin B (most effective), Ketoconazole, Itraconazole

Front 90

Coccidiomycosis is caused by what?

Back 90

Coccidioides immitis

(sandy soils/mild winters: AZ, NM, TX)

Can enter blood and lymphatic system and cause systemis dz.

Front 91

What is this?

Back 91

Coccidiomycosis

Front 92

What is this?

Back 92

Coccidiomycosis

Front 93

What are 3 clinical signs of coccidiomycosis?

Back 93

Mild cough, Low fever, anorexia, wt. loss, weakness/depression, lameness/swelling/pain, lympadenopathy(enlarged lymph nodes), myocarditis, skin lesions, CNS

Front 94

How would you diagnose Coccidiomyosis?

Back 94

CBC, Chem, cytology, biopsy, radiographs, serology

Front 95

How long is treatment required for coccidiomycosis? What is used?

Back 95

6-12 months, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole

Front 96

What causes Cryptococcosis?

Back 96

Cryptococcus neoformans. (most common fungal dz in cats)

Front 97

Where is Cryptococcus neoformans typically found?

Back 97

In bird poop.

Front 98

What are 2 clinical signs of cryptococcsis?

Back 98

Feline: nasal cavity/sinus lesions, chronic nasal d/c, nasal granulomas, lymphadenopathy, CNS, eye lesios, fever, wt. loss/anorexia.

Canine: CNS primarily, skin lesions.

Front 99

How do you treat cryptococcosis?

Back 99

Amphotericin B, 5-Flucytosine, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole. (For 2 months or longer).

Front 100

Histoplasmosis is caused by what?

Back 100

Histoplasma casulatum (OH, MS, MI) found in soil, bird/bat droppings. signs develop in 12-16 days.

Front 101

What is this?

Back 101

Histoplasmosis

Front 102

What 2 places would you most likely see clinical signs with Histoplasmosis?

Back 102

Pulmonary and GI

Front 103

What are some pulmonary signs you may see with Histoplasmosis?

Back 103

pale MM, dyspnea, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, ocular lesions, nasopharyngeal ulcers, wt. loss, fever, anorexia.

Front 104

What are some GI signs seen with histoplasmosis?

Back 104

Lg Bowel diarrhea, pale mm, ascites, hepatomegaly, wt. loss, low fever, depression, anorexia.

Front 105

What would you do to diagnose Histoplasmosis?

Back 105

CBC, Cytology/Histo, Radiographs(show diffuse or linear pulmonary pattern).

Front 106

What is the treatment for Histoplasmosis?

Back 106

Itraconazole, Ketaconazole. (Prognosis is good for pulmonary form, guarded for systemic)

Front 107

Aspergilliosis is caused by what?

Back 107

Aspergillus fumigatus (found in decaying areas: compost, moldy seeds/grain, sewage).

Front 108

What is this?

Back 108

Aspergillosis

Front 109

What can aspergillosis cause in felines?

Back 109

Abnormal function of liver, GI, lung, spleen, kidney, lethargy, fever, wt. loss, anorexia.

Front 110

What can aspergillosis cause in canines?

Back 110

Nasal lesions, sangopurulent nasal d/c, sneezing, stertor, facial pain, ulcerated nares.

Front 111

What breed most often sees aspergillosis?

Back 111

German Shepherds

Front 112

In canines, aspergillosis can occur as localized, systemic, or generalized infections.

True or False

Back 112

True

Front 113

What is 1 way to diagnose aspergillosis?

Back 113

Radiographs, biopsy/endoscopy.

Front 114

If aspergillosis is localized, it is a grave prognosis, however, if it is systemic, it is an OK prognosis.

True or False

Back 114

False. Localized infection=OK prognosis, systemic infection=grave prognosis

Front 115

What type of infection is this?

Back 115

Aspergillosis

Front 116

What type of infection is this?

Back 116

Aspergillosis

Front 117

What type of treatment can you give for Aspergillosis?

Back 117

Topical clotrimazole BID up nasal cavity w/ catheter. For systemic infections: Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole.

Front 118

Fluid accumulated in the pleural cavity is ______.

Back 118

Pleural effusion

Front 119

What are some diseases that are associated with pleural effusion?

Back 119

CHF (right sided), Intrathoracic neoplasia, Pyothorax, Chylothorax.

Front 120

What are some clinical findings of pleural effusion?

Back 120

respiratory distress,dyspnea, cough, circulatory compromise.

Front 121

How would you diagnose for pleural effusion?

Back 121

PE/clinical findings, thoracocentesis, radiographs

Front 122

What would a rad of a chest with pleural effusion most likely show?

Back 122

unilateral or bilateral fluid accumulation.

Front 123

What is this radiograph showing?

Back 123

Pleural effusion

Front 124

Treatment depends on the cause:

1. CHF 2. Neoplasia 3. Pyothorax 4. Chylothorax

A. Tube thoracostomy to drain purulent material, Abx, Long term tx, clindamycin, ampicillin,chloramphenicol.

B. Chemo and therapeutic thoracocentesis

C. Treat underlying heart disease and thoracocentesis as needed (relieve dyspnea)

D. Therapeutic thoracocentesis

Back 124

1.) C

2.) B

3.) A

4.) D

Front 125

What procedure is being done to this cat?

Back 125

Thoracocentesis

Front 126

Pulmonary Neoplasia occurs most often in animals of what age?

Back 126

9-12 y/o.

Front 127

Primary lung tumors that occur w/ pulmonary neoplasia are uncommon.

True or False

Back 127

True. (they usually metastisize to other areas; lymph nodes,bone, brain, other organs) 70-80% adenocarcinoma

Front 128

What are some clinical signs of pulmonary neoplasia?

Back 128

Cough, exercise intolerance, wt. loss, poor body condition, dysphagia, vomiting, anorexia, dyspnea/resp. distress, pleural effusion (more common in cats).

Front 129

How would you diagnose pulmonary neoplasia?

Back 129

Thoracic rads, Biopsy/cytology

Front 130

What does this picture show?

Back 130

Pulmonary neoplasia

Front 131

How would you treat pulmonary neoplasia?

Back 131

Surgical excision/lobectomy (for single mass), chemotherapy (decrease size, not lengthen survival time), surgical excision of primary tumor is required.

Front 132

When pulmonary neoplasias are diagnosed, what stage are they usually?

Back 132

Late stage

Front 133

Pulmonary neoplasia is the most untreatable disease of the lungs, and recurrence or metastasis is a common cause of death.

True or False

Back 133

True