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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is adaptive stress?
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positive response to stress
-inflammation after bite/sting |
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What is maladaptive stress?
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negative response to stress
-anaphylaxis after sting |
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What is cardiac output?
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CO= SV x HR
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What are some non-specific signs of illness?
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weight loss
lethargy inappetence change in behavior dehydration |
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How can we localize signs of illness?
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by system or organ
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Define etiology/etiologic agent
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cause, source, origin of disease
Who -toxin, organ |
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Define epidemiology
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study of population affected
-age, breed... |
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Define pathogenesis
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mechanism of disease
How the etiologic agent disrupts hemeostasis |
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How do we classify disease processes?
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Etiology
Epidemiology Pathogenesis History Clinical signs Clinical pathology Pathology Trtmt/mngmnt Prognosis Prevention Zoonosis? |
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Define signs
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objective findings observed by the examiner
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Do animals have symptoms?
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no. just signs
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Define syndrome
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group of signs that individually may be difficult to interpret bu taken together point toward a specific problem
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What is a primary sign?
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most obvious/predominant sign
-V/D |
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What is a secondary/associated sign?
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minor/less prominent sign
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Define contaminated
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been exposed to potential pathogens
-prevent with aseptic technique |
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Define infected
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pathogen has succesfully attached, overcome non-specific defenses, gained entry, established and multiplying
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What is going on during during infection?
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inflammation
active immunity Specific defenses (Ab) |
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Define Golden Period
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period of time between contamination and infection
-8-12 hours |
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What is going on during the golden period?
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Non-specific defenses
Passive immunity |
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Define incubation period
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period of time between infection and clinical signs
3-10days animal incubating can discharge and transmit disease |
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What are some ways of exposure/contamination?
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Fomite
Vector Incubating animal Overtly ill animal Innaparent (convalescent) carrier or recovering animal |
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What are 2 possible results of contamination?
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resistant
susceptible: infection |
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What are 2 possible results of infection?
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Subclinical infection (incubating-no signs)
Clinical Infection (sick) |
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When can viruses be shed?
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during:
Subclinical Infection Clinical Infection As an innaparent carrier |
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What are 2 results of Subclinical and clinical infection?
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Recovery
Death |
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What are 2 results of recovery?
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Complete resolution
Become an innaparent carrier (herpes) |
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What are 2 types of indirect contact?
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Fomites
Vectors |
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What are fomites?
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organisms carried in or on various objects/animals
(forcep) |
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What are vectors?
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carried in or by another living organism (mosquito)
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What are some portals of entry?
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Inhalation
Ingestion (Fecal-oral) Inoculation Genital Transplacental (in-utero) Umbilical Transmammary |
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How can we classify microorganisms?
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1. Where/how they live
2. How involved in dz process 3. Mechnanism of pathogenicity |
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What are saprophytes?
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Lives on dead or decaying organic matter
Generally not pathogens (Aspergillus) |
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What are parasites?
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Living in or on another organism
May or may not cause harm |
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What are 2 types of parasites?
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Commensal
Pathogen |
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What are commensal parasites?
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lives as normal flora in/on host
Potential to cause dz |
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What are 3 types of pathogens?
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Potential
Opportunistic Obligate |
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What is a potential pathogen?
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Normally commensal
Can become disease causing in NORMAL HABITAT |
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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Harmless in normal habitat
Causes dz when in other body region |
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What is an obligate pathogen?
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Always causes infection
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What is the determinant of the outcome of the Host-Parasite Interaction?
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Balance b/t virulence/# of the parasite and the resistance of the host.
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What is virulence/pathogenicity?
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ability of an organism to cause dz
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What is high virulence?
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Small #s of organisms capable of causing dz
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What is low virulence?
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Large #s of organisms required to cause dz
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What is invasiveness of a pathogen?
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ability of an organism to breach hosts defenses and attach or gain entry
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What are 2 types of toxins a pathogen can produce?
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Exotoxin
Endotoxin |
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What are the 2 types of pathogenic properties?
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Invasiveness
Toxin production |
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What are exotoxins?
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Proteins of Gram +
Produced by weakly invasive bacteria Specific in action Very potent Heat labile Can be made into toxoid Formed in vitro and in vivo |
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What are endotoxins?
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Proteins of Gram -
Part of bacteria cell wall Heat stable Cannot form toxoid Formed in vivo only Toxic/septic shock |
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Describe non-specific host defenses
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first line of defense
do not discriminate against invaders normally in place |
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What are some non-specific host defenses
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Fever
Barriers (skin, mm, normal flora) Phagocytes Tissue Lymph nodes Inflammation |
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What in the skin makes it a barrier?
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fatty acids
lyzozyme interferon |
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Why are mm's and skin difficult for organisms to invade?
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peristalsis (mm)
Rapid epithelial turnover |
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What are some phagocytes?
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Neutrophils
Lymphocytes Macrophages |
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What is the immune system composed of (cell-wise)?
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B and T lymphocytes
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What do phagocytes do?
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Migrate to and engulf attacking organisms
Kill/detain them Signal active immune system |
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How do lymph nodes serve as defense?
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Trap and filter
Detain for phagocytes/immune cells Full of Macrophages, T and B cells |
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How does inflammation serve as defense?
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Signals immune system
Signals coag. system Increases blood supply Capillaries leak |
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What are some specific host defenses?
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Organ Specific
Local Immunity |
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How is the GI tract a specific defense?
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Gastric acid
Peristalsis Normal Flora |
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How is the respiratory system a specific defense?
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Cough/sneeze
Hair/turbinates Mucocilliary escalator Alveolar macrophages |
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What are some factors that predispose to infection?
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Genetics
Immunosuppression Illness Poor nutrition Stress |
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What does inflammation do?
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Destroy, dilutes, isolates invaders
Causes fever, ocludes drainage, recruits cellular help Alerts immune and coag. system |
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What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Redness
Swelling Heat Pain Loss of function |
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What 3 events follow ANY tissue injury?
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Generation of chemical mediators
Vascular response Cellular response |
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What are the chemical mediators released during inflammation?
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Histamines (from mast cells)
Seratonin (in pltlts, mast cells, basophils) |
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What does histamine cause during inflammation?
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vasodilation
inc. cap. permeability |
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What happens during the cellular response of inflammation?
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Neutrophils are recruited
Platelets get sticky Immune cells are attracted to area |
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What is the order of the inflammation process?
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Insult to cell
Degranulation of mast cells Histamine and Seratonin released Five Cardinal signs Serum/Pus Clotting |
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What causes pain during inflammation?
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Chemical mediators
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What causes transudate and swelling during inflammation?
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Inc. cap permeability
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What does vasodilation cause during inflammation?
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Swelling
Heat Redness |
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What WBC is first on the scene and a major component of purulent exudate?
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Neutrophils
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When are eosinophils in circulation?
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parasite
allergic rxn |
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What is the order of cellular response?
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Macrophages
Neutrophils Other lymphocytes |
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What is a sensitized lymphocyte?
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have recognized a foreign substance
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Describe B cells
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Originate in bone marrow
Distributed widely Ab production (immunoglobulins) |
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Describe T cells
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Originate in bone marrow
Processed in thymus Major role in cell mediated immunity Regulate the function of B cells |
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What do Ag do?
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elicit the production of Ab
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What is the Ag-Ab copmplex?
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binding of an Ab to an Ag
Essential step in specific immunity |
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What are haptens?
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Innocent Bystanders
Ag that may bind to a cell membrane Cell may be destroyed ex: Hemobart attaches to RBC, does nothing to harm, but Ab still attacks, killing RBC |
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What is cross Rxn/cross reacting Ag?
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Ab made against 1 Ag can also bind with a similar Ag on another organism
Can be good or bad "sloppy lock and key" |
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Where does immunity take place and who are the major players?
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In lymphoid tissue
Macrophage/T cell/B cell |
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Walk me thru immunity
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1.Macrophage grabs bad guy, eats and presents it to lymphocytes
2.Now lymphocytes are sensitzed 3.T cells can now locate and kill 4.T cells create lymphokines 5.B cells make Ab (after becoming plasma cells) 6.If Plasma cells can't protect, then T cells and macs wall of= granuloma |
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Define opsonize
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Coating of Ag with Ab
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Why are granulomas bad?
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Occupy space
Are chronic Taken time to grow |
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What is the complement system?
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Activated by Ag-Ab complex
Causes lysis of cells Results in rls of cytotoxic substances |
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What is involved in active immunity?
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Cellular and Humoral
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What is cellular immunity?
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T cells
Against cancer, fungi, transplants, bacteria |
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Why do T cells need a lag period?
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?
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How long can T cells live?
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years
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What types of T cells are there?
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Memory (watch for return of Ag)
Killer (seek out and kill Ag) Helper (helps B cell become aware and make Ab) Suppressor (keep under control) |
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What is humoral immunity?
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B cells that turn into plasma cells to make Ab
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What is the structure of Ab?
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2 heavy chains
2 light chains Variable binding sites for specific Ag Constant region that defines Ab class Side chain (for complement) |
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What are the 5 classes of Ab?
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G
A M E D |
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What are the various types of biological acitivy performed by Ab (ways to kill)?
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Agglutination (impair mobility)
Precipitation Opsonize Activate complement |
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What is IgA?
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Secretory Ab
Produced locally in submucosa Precipitate and agglutinate ex: intranasal bordatella |
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What is IgM?
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2nd most abundant Ab
Appears after IgG AGGLUTINATION |
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What is IgG?
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Most abundant Ab
Appears before IgM Agglutination and opsonization |
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What is IgE?
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Allergic Rxns
Binds to sensitized mast cells and coats them Mast cells then degranulate=inflammation |
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What are the phases of immune response?
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Primary
Secondary (anamnestic) |
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What is the primary immune response?
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First exposure to Ag
Ab detectable after 3-5 day lag IgG then IgM Short lived, Low # of Ab |
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What is secondary (anamnestic) immune response?
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Repeat exposure to Ag
Rapid response due to preivious exposure Faster response, longer lasting, more Ab |
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What are some ways to defeat pathogens?
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Non-specific host defenses
Inflammation Clotting System MPS (mac presenting system) Sensitized T and B cells Cellular/humoral immunity Immune surveillance |
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What is hypofunction?
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Immunodeficiency
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Why is hyperfunction?
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Hypersensitivity
Allergic Autoimmune |
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What is Immunodeficiency?
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Inherited or acquired
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What are some Acquired immunodeficiencies?
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Cats: FeLV/FIV
Dogs: Distemper/parvo Neoplastic disorders Steroids |
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What are the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Rxns?
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1. Anaphylactic or atopic hypersensitivity
2. Cytoxic Rxns 3. Immune complex rxns 4. Delayed type hypersensitivity/contact hypersensitivity |
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What is the main component of Type 1 hypersensitivity?
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Release of histamine from sensitized mast cells (with IgE bound to them)
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Define anaphylactic and atopic
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Acute vs. chronic
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Mast cells are located near what?
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capillaries
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Define allergens
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Ag that induces IgE
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Define anaphylaxis
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Histamine release body wide: vasodilation/low BP
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Why do allergic rxns tend to worsen with each exposure?
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more sensitized mast cells
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What is a desensitization process regarding allergic rxns?
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Small doses of allergen given causing an IgG block
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Define antihistamines
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Block histamine release and prevent degranulation of mast cells
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What is the order of treatments given to a patient in anaphylaxis?
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1. Epinephrine (raise HR)
2. Fluids 3. Steroids (dec. inflamm) 4. Antihistamine (prevent further histamine release) |
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What is a Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn?
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Cytotoxic
Ab is reacting to a cell bound Ag |
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What is an example of a Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn?
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Transfusion rxn: Ab go after donor RBCs (complement)
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What is the typical 1st sign of anaphylaxis and when does it occur?
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vomiting
~15 min after insult |
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What is Type 3 hypersensitivity?
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Immune Complex
Ag/Ab complex deposited on cell membranes. Cell is then killed Trapped in fluids |
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What is Type 4 hypersensitivity?
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Delayed/Contact
Action of memory T-cells TB |
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Define autoimmune disorders
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Self is incorrectly identified as foreign
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What are 2 types of autoimmune disorders?
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Primary/idiopathic: unable to determine cause
Secondary: Identifiable cause |
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What 2 ways can we acquire immunity?
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Passive
Active |
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What is passive immunity?
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Receive Immunoglobulin produced by another animal.
Receive Immuonglobulin produced by the mother |
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What are some characteristics of passive immunity?
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Immediate
Short-lived (foreign protein) Buys time for own immune system to respond |
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What is an example of passive immunity?
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Hepatitis antiserum inj.
Rabies virus |
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Why is colostrum necessary?
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Newborn is exposed to Ag when born.
Lag period makes them vulnerable. Ab transferred thru colostrum |
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Why are the Ab of colostrum not digested by the newborn?
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Proteolytic enzyme levels are low in newborn
Colostrum contains antitrypsin |
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Does the concentration of Ab in colostrum remain high?
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no. declines rapidly. Thats why its important to nurse ASAP
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What are the most important advantages of active immunity?
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Production of prolonged periods of protection
Rapid recall and boosting of protection with repeated exposure to the Ag |
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Define toxoid
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Vaccine made from a bacterial toxin
Modified to induce an immune response ex: TB |
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Define antitoxin
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Ab produced against a bacterial toxin
ex: anti-venin |
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Define antiserum
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Ab produced against a pathogen
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Define bacterin
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Vaccine against a bacterial pathogen
ex: Lepto |
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Define modified live vax
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Living viral particles
Capable of replication Induce an immune response |
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Define Killed vax
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Virus that has been inactivated
Induce an immune response * Have adjuvent to improve their antigenicity (can cause granulomas) |
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What are some advantages to a modified live vax?
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Replicates providing and increasing amount of Ag
No adjuvants needed |
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What are some advantages of a killed vax?
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Unlikely to revert to virulence
Economical No improper storage problems |
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What is a subunit vax?
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Made from only a fragment of the virus
Immunogenic ex: FeLV- virus w/out immunosuppresive part |
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Why do we give a series of vax?
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Obtain a secondary response and get long lasting immunity
Circumvent maternal Ab that block the vax Ag |
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What are some vax rxns?
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Systemic rxn (w/in 15 min)
Localized or Systemic rxn (1-3 days post) Sterile abscess or sarocma (delayed) |
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What is non-specific diarrhea?
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Mild, infequent w/out presence of non-sp signs of illness
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How is simple diarrhea managed?
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Fasting
Small amts of bland food Inc amount Re-introduce regular diet GI protectants (Abx) Motility modifiers: immodium... |
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What do motility modifiers (immodium, lomotil) do?
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Inc. rythmic segmentation and slow motility
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What are the consequences of a lower GI viral infxn?
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damage to ep cells
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What are the consequences of a lower GI bacterial infxn?
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exotoxins of enteric bugs cause inflammation (secretory diarrhea)
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How can you diagnose simple diarrhea causes?
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fecal smears
Bacterial cultures ELISA for parvo |
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What is Feline Enteric Coronavirus?
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Mild, self limiting diarrhea in kittens
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What can feline enteric coronavirus often be confused with and why?
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (fatal)
Titers will confuse Ab that are the same between the two |
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What is escherichia coli (E coli) and how is it transmitted?
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Aggressive, invassive pathogen causing secretory diarrhea
Fecal conatminated water |
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What is Salmonella and where is it found?
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ZOONOTIC
In egg, unpast. milk Normal flora, but can cause febrile illness and bloody diarrhea |
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What is Campylobacter jejuni and what are the signs?
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ZOONOTIC
Part of normal flora Assymptomatic carriers Fever w/ watery stools with mucus Self limiting |
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What is the difference between Staph Aureus and Staph epidermidis?
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SA: Coagulase + (opportunistic)
Se: Coagulase - (commensal) |
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What is staph aureus and what are the signs?
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Ubiquitous
Food Poisoning Pyodermas, folliculitis, abscesses |
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What is clostridium perfringens?
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anaerobic
spore formers ubiquitous |
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What are streptococcal infxns?
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ZOONOTIC
Local or generalized pus forming infxns Group A: Strep/tonsilitis Group B: Killed with penicillin, causes strangles in horses |
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What is actinomyces/nocardia and what is a sign of it?
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Filamentous
Causes pus forming infxns Sulfur granules seen in pus |
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What are aflotoxins and what produces them?
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Very potent toxin
Produced by mold Source of allergens |
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What are single celled fungi called?
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yeast
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What are filamentous colonies of fungi called?
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molds
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What kind of environment do molds prefer?
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Cool/moist/dark
ex: nails, hooves, skin |
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What kind of environment do yeast prefer?
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warm/moist
ex: mm of mouth, vag |
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What are the branches of mold called and what they intertwine to form?
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Called hypae
Form mycelium (mat) |
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What does mycelium form?
|
Spores called macro and micro-conidia
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What are some facts about yeast?
|
Dimorphic fungi
Form mycelium at room temp Single cell oval and spherical yeast form at body temp in tissue |
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What can predispose a patient to fungal infxns?
|
Prolonged abx
Immunosuppresive Rxs Exposure to obligate fungal pathogen Presence of necrotic tissue Environment conducive to growth |
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Define kerion
|
skin granulomas often caused by chronic infxns
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Do fungi like inflammation?
|
no
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How can we identify fungi?
|
Colony morphology, pigment
Stain with Lactophenol Cotton Blue |
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What is the special stain for fungi?
|
Lactophenol Cotton Blue
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What are some facts about the Woods Lamp for ringworm?
|
UV light w/ Nickel Oxide filter
Dermatophytes will glow green Does not completely dx ringworm |
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What are some facts about KOH prep for ringworm?
|
Clears pigment from hair to reveal ectothrix spores
Needs to be gently warmed Can add DMSO |
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What do we put on the scotch tape prep to see ringworm?
|
Lactophenol Cotton Blue
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What 4 things make up the DTM and what are their purposes?
|
1. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar: primary nutrient
2. Low pH + Chlormycetin: inhibits bact. growth 3. Cyclohexamide: inhibits saprophyte growth 4. Phenol red: acid-base indicator |
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What are the 3 common dermatophytosis fungi?
|
Microsporum canis
Microsporum gypseum Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
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If there is an early red in the DTM, what does it mean and why?
|
Dermatophytes
They eat protein first and make alkaline makes agar red |
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What does yellow and red signify in the DTM?
|
Yellow: acid
Red: alkaline |
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If the agar of DTM stays yellow, what does this signify?
|
Saprophytes
Eat carbs first and make acid which keeps agar yellow |
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If DTM agar is red, does this mean dermatophytes are present?
|
No. Saprophytes may have filled up on carbs and are now eating protein and producing acid, turning agar red. Visa versa with dermats and yellow agar
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What color are dermatophytes compared to saprophytes on agar?
|
Derm: white/cream
Sapro: black/brown... |
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What dz can cause a Fading Puppy?
|
Brucellosis
Neonatal Herpes Adenovirus (Hepatitis) |
|
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What is DALPPC+ RV?
|
Distemper
Adenovirus Leptospirosis Parvovirus Parainfluenza Corona virus + Rabies |
|
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Why is Adenovirus labeled as A2 in the vax scheme?
|
Vax for both Canine Adenovirus 1 and 2
Cross-reacting Ag |
|
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Which is tougher: enveloped or uneveloped virus?
|
Unenveloped
|
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Define paroxysmal
|
Comes in fits
ex: coughing |
|
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How long will a Rabies infected animal shed the virus?
|
Starting 10 days before clinical signs appear
|
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When do clinical signs appear for rabies?
|
within 10-30 days of being infected
|
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How long after clinical signs appear, does rabies cause death?
|
about 1 week
|
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How long can rabies be subclinical?
|
up to one year after being bitten
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Define pica
|
eating anything
strange eating |
|
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Define parathesia
|
funny, tingling sensation
|
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Feline distemper is caused by what and is aka?
|
Caused by Parvovirus
AKA Panleukopenia |
|
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K9 Distemper is caused by what?
|
distemper -paramyxo virus
|
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What is FVRCP?
|
Feline
Viral Rhinotracheitis Calici Panluekopenia |
|
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What causes 80% of upper respiratory dz in cats?
|
FVR : Feline Herpes Virus
FCV: Feline calici virus |
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What does the retrovirus of FeLV contain?
|
Core protein Ags
Envelope Components Ags FOCMA |
|
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What are core proteins in FeLV?
|
Ag that produce Ab that are not effective
Produced in excess and release into plasma, tears, saliva P27 |
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What is the basis of tests for core Ag?
|
P27
|
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What are in the envelope components of FeLV?
|
GP-70 (Knob)
P15e (Spike) |
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What are GP-70 Knobs?
|
Attach virus to cats cell and initiate infxn
|
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What are P15e Spikes?
|
Immunosuppression
|
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What are FOCMA?
|
Ag presented on malignant cells but not on normal cells
|
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How does the host's immuninty respond to FeLV?
|
Virus neutralizing Ab to GP-70
Visible Ab to P27 on tests |
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Define parasite
|
Live in or on host
Depend totally on host Exploit host Host does not benefit |
|
|
What are arthropods?
|
Ectoparasites (jointed)
Egg-> larva-> pupa-> adult |
|
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What are some arthropods?
|
flea
tick mite lice (flies, bees, spiders) |
|
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What are some nematodes (round worms)?
|
Ascarids (roundworms)
Hookworms Whipworms |
|
|
What are platyhelminthes?
|
Trematodes
Cestodes |
|
|
What are trematodes?
|
Flukes
long, flat, UNsegmented worms |
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What are cestodes?
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Tapeworms
long, flat SEGMENTED worms |
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What are protozoa?
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single-celled parasites
Hemoprotozoa Intestinal protozoa |
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What are some hemoprotozoa?
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hemobart
erlichia babesia |
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What are some intestinal protozoa?
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Giardia
Toxoplasma Int. coccidia |
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Define host
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infected animal
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Define primary host
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Location of adult, repro parasite
Needs primary host to complete life cycle |
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Define definitive host
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Preferred host of the parasite
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Define secondary/accidental host
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Animals other than preferred host that can harbor adult stage
Adult cannot reproduce there ex: k9heartworm in humans |
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Define intermediate host
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Harbors one or more stages of parasite life cycle
May or may not be essential |
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What are the 3 types of intermediate hosts and which ones let the parasite further develop?
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Reservoir: waiting stage
Transport: no dev. Paratenic: yes dev. |
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Define prepatent period
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Like incubating
Interval of time b/t infestation to the appearance of ova/larvae |
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Define patent
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presence of sexually mature reproducing adult
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What is a direct life cycle?
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Develops and reproduces in ONE host
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What is indirect life cycle?
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Development requires one OR MORE host
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How do we diagnose parasites?
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by the stage of life cycle they are in (ova, larvae, adult)
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Define spurious parasite
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Animal ingests feces from another animal and thus have that animal's parasites in their stool.
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What tests can we do on fecals to find fecal parasites?
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Direct smear/saline prep
Fecal Flotation Baerman technique Sedimentation technique |
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What are the pros and cons of direct smear/saline prep for fecals?
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pro: can find most dx forms, good for delicate structures
cons: small sample size, no concentration of dx forms |
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What is a fecal float?
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QUALITATIVE, CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUE
except for fluke ova/larva Based on sp.gr of ova/larva vs. debri and soln |
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What is the sp. gr of fecal float soln?
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1.2-1.25
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What is the sp. gr of most ova/larva?
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1.1-1.2 so they float
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What is the sp.gr of most debri?
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1.3+ so they sink
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What are some solns used for fecal floats?
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Sodium Nitrate
Zinc Sulphate Sucrose Soln |
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What is a McMaters Test for fecals?
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QUALITATIVE
hemocytometer for #ova/gram |
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What does the Baerman technique identify?
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larvae
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What is the sedimentation technique for fecals identify?
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fluke ova
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What are some tests for vascular system/blood parasites?
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Blood smear
Buffy coat smear Knotts test Modified Knotts test (Difil) Heartworm Ag test |
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What can blood smears identify?
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RBC &WBC hemoparasites
Heartworm larva |
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What can a buffy coat smear identify?
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WBC hemoparasites
Heartworm larvae |
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What is the Modified knotts filter technique?
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Detection of heartworm larva
Whole blood mixed w/ 1-9mL lysing soln Passes thru filter Traps larvae Filter under miscroscope |
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How can we dx resp. tract parasites?
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Nasal cavity swab
Tracheal wash Fecal sample (coughed up, swallowed, pooped out) |
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What do we preserve stool sample in?
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formalin
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What is the latin name for flies?
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Diptera
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Define myiasis
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Infestation with fly larvae
Maggot infestation Fly eggs laid in open wounds Liquifying enzymes produced Dz of neglect |
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Define Fly Strike
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Attacks by adult flies
Cause wounds/irritation/ excoriation Eyes, tips of pinna, bridge of snout Pain, bloody crusts |
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Common House fly
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musca domestica
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face fly
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musca autumnalis
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biting stable fly
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stomoxys calcitrans
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Define pediculosis
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lice infestation
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biting louse
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mallophaga
k9: trichodectes canis fel: felicola subrostrata |
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sucking louse
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anopleura
k9: linognathus |
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What are some mallophaga (biting louse) characteristics?
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round head
chewing mouth rapid mvmnt cause irritation |
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What are some characteristics of anopleura (sucking louse)?
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elongated head
sucking mouth affixed to skin pathogenic/invasive/blood loss |
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common flea
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ctenocephalides
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stick tight flea
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echidnophaga
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What is the 4 stage life cycle?
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egg
larva pupa adult |
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Define hypostome
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backwards facing teeth of tick
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Define scutum
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chitenous shield of ixodid tick
Dorsal surface of male Cranial-dorsal surface of female |
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Define capitulum
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head of ixodid tick
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What causes Lyme Dz and how long does it take to transmit?
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Borrelia burgdoreri (spirochete)
24-36 hrs |
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Mange infestation is aka
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acariasis
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What are cysts?
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resistant for of internal parasites
able to survive months in environment |
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Define sporulate
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formation of spores
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What are trophozoites?
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sexually mature, multiplying form of internal parasites
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What are the best ways to dx internal parasites?
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direct smear of feces
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How long does it take for toxo oocytes to sporulate?
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2-5 days
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How long are toxo cysts viable in soil?
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36 months
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What are 2 ways cats can get toxo?
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From the environment
Eating prey w/toxo |
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What are 2 ways humans can get toxo?
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Sporulated oocysts
Eating muscle cysts (meat) |
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What are operculated eggs and who lays them?
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Layed by flukes
Top of egg opens to rls intermediate stages |
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What is a scolex?
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head of tapeworms
has hooks and suckers |
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What are proglottids?
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segments of tapeworms
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What are some psuedoparasites?
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Plant fibers/hairs
Fungal spores (large) Pollen grains Air bubbles |
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If larva is found in the stool, what could it be?
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Hookworm larva (older stool sample)
Strongyloides Dog lungworm Cat lungworm |
