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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Toxocara canis - diganosis & identifcation
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most common nematode in dogs
suspect heavy infection in pups from birth to12 wks of age sluggish, weak pups diagnosis based on a fecal flotation if previous litter from same bitch had a heavy burden |
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description of adult worms
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creamy white, cylindrical, 5-10 cm length, thickness of a wooden match
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clinical signs of adult worms
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Adult dogs - many develop resistance to worms, therefore few or no parasite is able to develop into adult
clinical signs are usually NIL Puppies - few worms in the intestine cause NO signs |
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Method of infection(toxocara canis)
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Ingestion of infective eggs (L2)
Prenatal passage of L2 from bitches tissue to puppies in uterus MOST SIGNIFICANT method of infection Ingestion of L3 and L4 in feces of nursing pups by the bitch |
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Treatment for toxocara canis
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dewormer (ex., Strongid-T, Pyrapam, Drontal)
clean up after animal so they do not re-infect themselves |
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toxocara cati idenifcation, diagnosis& description of adult worm
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most common nematode in cats
diagnosis based on fecal flotation DESCRIPTION OF ADULT WORM creamy white cylindrical 4-8 cm length thickness of wooden match |
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toxocara cati clinical signs & methods of infection
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ingestion of infective eggs
ingestion of L2 in the milk of queens ingestion of L2 in infected paratenic hosts (i.e. rodent, bird) Kittens are NOT born w/ roundworms CLINICAL SIGNS vomition of worms in heavy load abdomen bloating |
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toxocara cati treatmeant
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dewormer (i.e. Strongid-T, Pyrapam, etc)
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toxoscaris leonina diagnosis, identification & description of adult worm
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nematode found in both cats and dogs
diagnosis based on fecal floatation creamy white 4-10 cm length thickness of wooden match cylindrical |
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toxoscaris leonina clinical signs & method of infection
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ingestion of infective eggs
ingestion of infected paratenic hosts heavy burden in dogs and cats of all ages may cause weakness dehydration poor condition |
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toxocaris leonina treatment
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dewormer
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ancylostoma caninum(hookworm) diagnosis, identification & description of adult worm
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diagnosis based on fecal floatation
can cause anemia hook-like mouthparts that they use to attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood reddish colour (fresh), brown/grey colour (not fresh) - app. 1 inch in length - tubular - anterior end bent slightly dorsal |
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ancylostoma caninum clinical signs & method of infection
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1. skin penetration of L3 – L3 on ground in kennel environment can penetrate through skin of feet
2. ingestion of L3 3. ingestion of L3 in milk of bitch – MOST significant means of infection 4. prenatal transmission to pups in utero – NO sign C/S most pathogenic worm of dogs - anemia - weakness - black stools, due to digested blood |
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ancylostoma caninum treatment
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dewormer
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trichuris vulpis(whipworm) indentification, diagnosis & description of adult worm
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diagnosed by fecal floatation
NOT zoonotic white in colour - 2-3 inches in length - thicker at posterior end (i.e. looks like a whip |
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trichuris vulpis clinical signs & method of infection
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ingestion of the infected eggs
weight loss - watery diarrhea – may contain mucous and blood |
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trichuris vulpis treatment
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dewormer (Drontal Plus, Sentinel)
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dipylimdium caninum(flea tapeworm) identification, diagnosis & description of adult worm
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eggs may not be seen in fecal float
- segments (proglottids) found in feces or around anus - segments look like a grain of rice - no clinical signs usually present – see segments flat in structure - white - 6-7 inches in length - segmented (each segment called a proglottid) |
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dipylimdium caninum clincial signs & method of infection
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presence of segments
- may scoot or drag their anus, as segments may be irritating ingestion of infected flea; the flea larvae ingests the tapeworm egg |
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dipylimdium caninum treatment
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dewormer - must be accompanied with a flea control, or animal can continually re-infect themselves
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taenia pisiformis(tapeworm) identification, diagnosis
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the most common species of adult Taenia spp in DOGS
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taenia pisiformis clinical signs & method of infection
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ingested of larvae from infected RABBIT
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taenia pisiformis treatment
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dewormer (ex. Drontal, Droncit, Cestex)
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*Giardia spp.(protozoan parasite) identification& diagnosis
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fecal floatation – microscopic exam for trophozoites (looks like an inverted teardrop with 2 nuclei and a flagella)
- best to do a direct smear – i.e. very fresh feces!!! - a blood test is also available to detect antigens of Giardia |
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Giardia spp. clinical signs & method of infection
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chronic diarrhea
- weight loss ingestion of the cyst stage of the parasite – contaminated feces,food or water |
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Giardia spp. treatment
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antibiotic and may treat diarrhea
- clean environment – bleach will kill Giardia |
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Coccidia identification & diganosis
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INTRACELLULAR parasites of the gut lining
Host specific fecal floatation look for oocysts |
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Coccidia clinical signs & method of infection
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most cats/dogs do NOT exhibit signs
- kittens/puppies or debilitated adults can have severe watery diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting 1.ingestion of oocyst (i.e. through feces) 2. ingestion of a mouse that is infected |
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Coccidia treatment
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sulfa-type antibiotic
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toxoplasmosis identification, diagnosis
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blood test
- parasite can only complete its life cycle in the cat - however, other species can develop disease (i.e. humans, dogs) - fecal floatation – oocysts are very small and therefore may be missed |
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toxoplasmosis clinical signs & method of infection
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ingestion of oocysts from infected mice
2. eating uncooked meat containing T. gondi cysts most cats show no clinical signs - lethargy, depression, loss of appetite and fever are early signs - can lead to pneumonia, hepatitis, inflammation of the pancreas and several other disorders |
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toxoplasmosis treatment
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drug therapy
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dirofilaria immitis(heartworm) identification, diagnosis &description of adult worm
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white and slender
- female is 6-14 inches long - male is about half the size - adult heartworms live within the heart and pulmonary arteries different types of tests: 1. Knott’s Modified Filtration – test animals blood for circulating microfilaria 2. test animal’s blood with an antigen test (i.e. produce antigens to adult worms) Ex. Dirochek, Petchek, Snap test, ICT Gold - may also take radiographs |
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dirofilaria immitis clinical signs & method of infection
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signs related to mechanical obstruction of blood flow to heart and lungs:
- chronic cough - laboured breathing, especially with exercise - weakness - congestive heart failure - if low number of worms may see NO clinical signs Mosquito bite |
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dirofilaria immitis treatment
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Heartguard, Heartguard Plus (Ivermectin) 2. Interceptor (Milbemycin) 3. Sentinel (Milbemycin) 4. Revolution (Selamectin) 5. Pro Heart (Moxidectin) 6. Filaribits (daily prevention) = NOT common
can be given to heartworm positive dogs to prevent the transmission to other dogs |
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Which of the endoparasites are zoonotic?
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Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidium Giardiasis Dipylimdium caninum(flea tapeworm) Ancylostoma caninum(hookworm) Toxoscaris leonina(roundworm) Toxocara cati(roundworm toxocara canis(roundworm) |
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How do they affect humans?
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toxoplasmosis -cause birth defects, affects many different organs, respiratory system is often affected causing pneumonia
Cryptosporidium - watery diarrhea, cramps & low grade fever. Giardiasis - severe onset of cramps with diarrhea lasting for 3-4 days, followed by recurrent brief episodes of loose stools Dipylimdium caninum - itchyness Ancylostoma caninum - itching, inflammation and skin tracts Toxoscaris leonina - invade the abdominal viscera Toxocara cati - similar to toxocara canis Toxocara canis - larvae can invade many critical tissues(lungs, eyes, spinal cord, liver), dyspnea, enlargement of the liver, lethargy, dermatitis, CNS signs, loss of vision |
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Adult worm
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final stage of development of the worm and implies sexual maturity (L5) - usually found in a specific location of a specific host
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Arthropod
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a parasite with jointed legs
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Cestode
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tapeworm” – white, flat, segmented - each cestode is both male and female
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fecal floatation
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diagnostic technique in which a fresh sample of feces is mixed with a chemical solution of higher specific gravity of water. As the parasite produces eggs which are in the feces, once placed in the chemical solution the eggs will float to the top and can be examined for identification
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final host
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type of host the adult stage of the parasite is found
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helminth
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a parasitic worm - includes nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes
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infective stage
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stage of development (i.e. life cycle), which can cause infection within the final host
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larval stages of development
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5 stages for the parasite to complete its life cycle - L1, L2, L3, L4, L5
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Nematode
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"roundworm” – cylindrical shaped worm -separate male and female worms
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Parasite
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plant or animal that lives upon/within another living organism at whose expense it obtains some advantage
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Paratenic host
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host, which a parasite NEVER develops into an adult worm
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Patent infection
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an infection in which worms have developed into adults and eggs are being passed in the feces
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Patent period
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period of time in which eggs and larva are being shed by the adult females
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Prepatent infection
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infection where worms have not developed into adults and therefore no eggs are being shed in the feces
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Prepatent period
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period of time between infection and the passage of eggs in the feces
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Trematode
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“fluke” – flat, broad, almond shaped
- not very common - each parasite is male and female |
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Visceral larva migrans (VLM)
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migration of parasite larvae within a living host
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Ctenocephalides felis(cat flea)&Ctenocephalides canis(dog flea)identification&diagnosis
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laterally flattened -combs on their cheeks
-6 legs with a claw at each end -JUMP most common and are NOT host specific finding fleas or flea dirt, (which is the material that contains digested blood and looks like black pepper), or seeing tapeworm segments Ctenocephalides canis is NOT COMMON |
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Ctenocephalides felis&Ctenocephalides canis life cycle methods of infection
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female flea feeds on blood of animal and lays eggs in fur of animal, eggs drop off animal and survive in protected places where the animal sleeps, or in cracks and crevices on the ground , egg hatches into larvae (maggot-like),larvae eat organic materials, larvae molt and form pupae that spin cocoons ,emerge as adults in approximately 3 weeks adults then jump back onto animal and begin life cycle again
can take as little as 16 days to complete cycle if in favourable conditions (i.e. moist, warm, humid) or as long as a year in unfavourable conditions (i.e. winter) -a female adult can lay several hundred eggs within her cycle |
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Ctenocephalides felis&Ctenocephalides canis treatment
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vacuum home, spray with a premise spray and dispose of vacuum bag immediately, spray yard
-treat pet – many products are available (i.e. mousse, shampoo, Advantage, Revolution) |
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Lice identification&diagnosis
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visible to the naked eye -fasten eggs to hair (eggs are called nits)
based on seeing the nit, nymph or adult |
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Lice life cycle of infection
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entire cycle occurs on the host
-eggs, called “nits” are creamy white in colour and fasten firmly to the hair or wool of host -eggs hatch into larvae, larvae develops into nymphs -nymph molts 3 times to become an adult -adult feeds on host (very irritating) -complete cycle can take 3-5 weeks; nymphs and adults only live 7 days if it is off the host |
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Lice treatment
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consists of sprays, dust, dips, shampoos, etc.
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Ticks identification&diagnosis
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NOT host specific, however have host preferences (i.e. cat, dog, human, etc.)
-common on wildlife mammals and dogs that roam in meadows and grassy areas -uncommon on city animals -feed exclusively on blood, tick increases in size as they become engorged with blood -ticks rarely move on an animal, as they burrow their mouthparts into the animal’s skin -may transmit Lyme disease (deer tick) – vaccination may be recommended based on visualizing the adult tick – visible to the naked eye -specific species of tick can be determined by the shape and length of the body and shape and body markings |
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Ticks life cycle of infection
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cycle often includes egg, larvae, nymph and adult
-complete life cycle can take 1-3 years -can live as long as 2-3 years without a blood meal, however, require a blood meal to produce eggs |
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Tick treatment
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removal of tick by hand or by spray, dips or shampoo
-now available, Preventic collars that may prevent the attachment of the tick, Defend |
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MItes identification&diagnosis
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usually microscopic in size and have 8 legs
usually based on a skin scrape |
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Mites life cycle/infection
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some burrow into the skin, while others live on the surface of the skin
-entire cycle takes place on the host -larvae hatches from eggs, which have 6 legs and molts to become a nymph -nymph looks like a small adult with 8 legs, which molt into adults -adults are sexually mature -entire life cycle requires 9-17 days to complete |
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MItes treatment
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topical medication, sprays, dips, shampoos, +/- antibiotics if skin infection is present
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Demodex spp. identification,diagnosis &clinical signs
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generally live in hair follicles, more common in dogs
in adult animals this parasite can be a normal skin inhabitant and cause no signs diagnosis based on skin scraping signs on young animals may begin with hair loss, usually starting on the face, eyes, or front legs has 8 stumpy legs ii) cigar shape |
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Sarcoptes spp(Scabies) identification, diagnosis & clinical signs
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a deep skin mite, which lives and multiplies in tunnels in the skin: burrows into skin and deposits eggs
skin scraping potentially, but due to where animal lives, scraping often has to be very deep circular shape ii) 8 stubby legs iii) spines on back intense scratching is the most common sign Highly contagious, direct contact |
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Notoedres spp.(feline scabies) identification, diagnosis & clinical signs
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head mange” – occurs on the head of cats
looks like the Sarcoptes spp. Except they do not have dorsal spines not very common burrows into skin and deposits eggs causes dry, grey, crusty lesions on the head and face |
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Otodectes spp.(ear mites) identification, diagnosis & clinical signs
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NOT host specific
-live and multiply in the ear canal -contagious and spread through direct contact -irritation of the canal results in dark, thick, black, waxy discharge from the ear -animal often exhibits signs of head shaking, scratching, pawing, and rubbing at ear, which may also induce more trauma -diagnosis; otoscopy, ear swab and finding the mite or eggs (mites appear as white mobile objects) |
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Otodectes spp. treatmet
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clean ears, ear medication, revolution (kittens)
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Cheyletiella spp. (walking dandruff) identification, diganosis & clinical signs
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-occurs on the body of cats, dogs and rabbits
-lives on the skin surface -main sign is heavy dandruff -other signs include itching, redness of the skin, crusts, and small swellings -can be transmitted to humans causing an itchy dermatitis -diagnosis;skin scraping, tape method -adult mite i) pear shaped ii) pair of claws on mouthparts iii) pair of gill-like structures for breathing iv) comb-like structure on end of feet |
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Cuterebra spp. identification, diagnosis & clinica signs
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diagnosis is based on the appearance of the larvae
eggs hatch, and larvae penetrate the skin on the host -they develop in the subcutaneous tissue and the larvae then drop out of the host through a fistula -most commonly found around the neck tissue deposit eggs around burrows or runs |
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Cuterebra spp. treatment
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surgically removing the larvae and supportive wound therapy
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Which ectoparasites are zoonotic?
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Ctenochaplides spp.
Ticks |
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How do they affect humans?
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The same way the affect animals, causes itchyness
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