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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List medical advances made using animal research models
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1. Development of Polio vaccine 2. Dialysis was first tested on animals 3. Cataract surgery techniques were perfected on animals first. 4. Developed 111 veterinary biologics (treat heartworm, arthritis, parasites, allergies and heart disease) 5. Vaccines that vets use to prevent rabies and feline HIV. |
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How is an animal chosen as model for drug studies |
Based on their genetic and physiological similarities between them and the target. Mice (genetic and physiological similarity) Zebrafish (rapid growth of an easily visible embryo, easy gene transfer) Rats (respond more human-like to drugs) |
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Describe two alternatives to the use of animal models and discuss their limitations |
1. Cell cultures - Great as preliminary screen to verify toxicity to a substance, but cannot provide information about the potential impact of living organisms. 2. Computer-generated models - Speculate specific molecular and chemical structures interactions, but limited by their programming. They provide clues, not answers. (unless we already know the impact of the living system, we can't program it.) Both are less expensive and save time. |
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Discuss ethical concerns surrounding animal research. |
Housing, feeding, cleanliness and medical care of animals. Overall quality of life of animal. Researchers must: Reduce - number of higher species (cats, dogs, primates) Replace - animals with alternative models whenever possible Refine - tests and experiments to ensure the most humane conditions possible. |
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Cloning Process |
First attempted with embryo twinning (splitting embryos) even though you get identical twins, you can't predict their characteristics you have to wait until they are grown to find out. 1. Cells collected from donor animal and placed in low-nutrient culture solution (this causes them to starve and stop cell division, and switch active genes) 2. Pipette DNA from nucleus of egg. 3. Collect and culture somatic (non-reproductive) cells 4. Place somatic cell next to egg cytoplasm and fuse with low-level electrical charge. 5. Forms one cell embryo and begins behaving as an embryonic cell, rather than an adult cell (if all goes well cell division occurs) 6. First week it grows in an incubator 7. Transferred to surrogate. 8. Surrogate will birth genetically identical clone to donor.
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Limitations to cloning |
- Donor must be living. - Genetically identical, but animals are shaped by experience and environment, similar to humans personalities. - Success rates are low - May become "old" before their time, due to telomeres shortening. |
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List biological products that can be produced using transgenic animals as bioreactors |
Bioreactors: gene for desired protein introduced via transgenics, using cloning cell is raised to become adult |
