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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex cell haploids
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Gametes
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Formation of gametes
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Gametogenesis
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Where gametogenesis occurs
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Gonads
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Female gonads
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Ovaries
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Male gonads
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Testes
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Female gamete
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Ova
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Male gamete
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Sperm
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Production of ova
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Oogenesis
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How many haploid cells become ova from each meiosis?
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One - three others drop out as polar bodies
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How many haploid cells become sperm from each meiosis?
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Four
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What happens when a sperm cell penetrates an ovum's outer layers and fuses with its nucleus
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The egg is fertilized and becomes a diploid known as a zygote
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The mitotic division of a fertilized egg cell into a mass of undifferentiated cells
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Cleavage
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What the zygote becomes after the first few cell divisions
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Morula
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Arrangement of embryo into a fluid-filled ball
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Blastula
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Reorganization of the embryo and formation of distinct germ cell layers
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Gastrula
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Germ cell layers of a gastrula
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Endoderm
Mesoderm Ectoderm |
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The stage after gastrulation when the neural tube develops (in vertebrate embryos)
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Neuralation
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Stages of embryo development
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Zygote
Morula Blastula Gastrula Neurula |
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What ectoderm from an embryo becomes
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Skin
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What endoderm from an embryo transforms into
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The gut lining and various accessory structures
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What the mesoderm of an embryo eventually develops into
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Muscles, organs of the skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory systems
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Germ layers of an embryo also develop into extra embryonic membranes such as these
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Chorion
Amnion Allantois |
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This germ layer becomes part of the umbilical cord
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Allantois
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In mammals, the outer layer of the embryo and inner cells of the uterus combine to form this
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Placenta
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Traits shared by animals
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No cell walls or plastids
Multicellular, with specialized tissues and organs Heterotrophic Capability for sexual reproduction Development from embryonic stages |
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Most adult animals have this kind of anatomy
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Symmetrical or bilateral
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Animals with no backbone structure
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Invertebrates
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Animals with an internal backbone
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Vertebrates
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Ratio of invertebrate species to vertebrates
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950,000 to 40,000
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Eight major types of animal tissues
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Bone Cartilage Adipose Nerve Blood |
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Three types of muscles
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Smooth
Skeletal Cardiac |
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Purpose of smooth muscles
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Involuntary movement and to create organ walls
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Main systems of vertebrates
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Digestive
Gas exchange Skeletal Nervous Circulatory Excretory Immune |
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Three processes that the digestive system encompasses
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Ingestion
Digestion Egestion |
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Another term for the gastro-intestinal tract
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Alimentary canal
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Components of the gastro-intestinal system
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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Accessory organs to the digestive process
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Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Enzyme in saliva that digests starch
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Amylase
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Process that moves food to the stomach from the esophagus
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Peristalsis
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Why the stomach secrets mucous
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To protect itself from strong digestive chemicals
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Type of environment required by the enzyme pepsin, in order to digest protein
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Acid
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What the stomach secretes to digest food into a watery soup that it sends to the small intestines
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Enzymes and hydrochloric acid
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Organs that release enzymes into the small intestine
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Pancreas and gall bladder
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Nutrients that the small intestine absorbs from digested material
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Amino acids
Glucose Fatty acids Glycerol |
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What the small intestine's cell lining uses to absorb nutrients that will be moved into the capillaries
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Villi
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The organ that processes enriched blood from the capillaries of the small intestine
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Liver
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What the liver does with enriched blood
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Removes and stores some sugars
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What the large intestine does with indigestible food
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Absorbs water back into the body and excretes the waste
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Vertebrates such as cows and deer that have several stomach chambers, to facilitate mechanical breakdown of food
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Ruminants
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An organ that some invertebrates (birds, worms, insects) use to store food until it is processed for absorption
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Crop
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Another name for the respiratory system
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Gas exchange system
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Tissue that lines the nasal passages to warm entering air
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Epithelial tissue
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Components of the lung
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Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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What promotes exchange by diffusion in the lung
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Blood rich in CO₂ and low in oxygen, contrasting with high oxygen/low CO₂ gases breathed in
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What the trachea includes
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Larynx and glottis
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What protects food from entering the respiratory system
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Epiglottis (a flap)
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Where diffusion of gases occurs in single-celled organisms
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Directly through the plasma membrane
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What bones store
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Calcium and phosphates
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Where red blood cells are formed
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In bone marrow
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What prevents fibers of cardiac muscles from ripping apart from the force of contractions
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Branched ends that interlock
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These travel in waves from cell to cell in the cardiac muscle, causing coordinated muscle contraction
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Electrical impulses
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Nerve cells that exist in networks
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Neurons
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Components of a nerve cell
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Cell body, dendrites, and axon
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Chemicals that send messages along neural networks
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Neurotransmitters
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System comprised of the brain and spinal cord
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Central nervous system
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Network of nerves throughout the body
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Divisions of the peripheral nervous system
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Sensory division
Motor division |
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Nerves in the sensory system that convey impulses from the body organs to the CNS
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Visceral sensory nerves
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Nerves in the sensory system that convey impulses from the body surface to the CNS
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Somatic sensory nerves
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Components of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system
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Somatic motor nerves
Autonomic nervous system |
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Cells that convey messages from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
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Somatic motor nerves
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Parts of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Main job of the ANS
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To maintain homeostasis in the body
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Job of the sympathetic nervous system
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Mediates the fight-or-flight response and sends impulses to stimulate organs
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The function of the parasympathetic nervous system
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Controls smooth muscle contraction, regulates cardiac muscle, and stimulates or inhibits glandular secretion.
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Conduit for delivering nutrients and gases to all cells within the body (and removing their waste products)
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Circulatory system
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A system where blood is confined to vessels
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Closed circulatory system
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A system where the blood directly bathes organs, as in some invertebrates
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Open circulatory system
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In larger mammals, these keep the blood from being pulled downward by gravity
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Valves
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What blood carries
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Minerals, white blood cells, nutrients, proteins, hormones, metabolites, oxygen, CO₂ for disposal
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These vessels surround all the tissues of the body and exchange CO₂ for oxygen
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Capillaries
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Larger vessels that take blood away from the heart
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Arteries
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Larger vessels that carry blood toward the heart
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Veins
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Small arteries that carry blood to capillaries
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arterioles
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Small veins that transport blood from capillaries to veins
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Venules
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System that collects waste material and transports it to organs that expel it from the body
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Excretory system
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Primary excretory organs
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Kidneys, liver, lungs
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Kidneys filter these from the blood and excrete them as urine
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Metabolic wastes
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Overall function of the kidneys
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To maintain water, salt, and chemical balances within the body
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What is formed in the kidneys from a breakdown of proteins
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Urea
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What is formed in the kidneys from a breakdown of nucleic acid
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Uric acid
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By product of muscle contractions
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Creatnine
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The liver produces bile and breaks these down
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Pigments and chemicals (including those from pollutants and medications)
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What bile does
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Emulsifies fats
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The waste product excreted by the lungs
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CO₂
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Waste products excreted by the skin
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Salts, urea, and other wastes with water from the sweat glands
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Principle infection-fighting component of the immune system
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Lymphatic system
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Components of the lymphatic system
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Lymph
Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Tonsils |
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A collection of excess fluid absorbed from between cells, as well as plasma proteins that have leaked, which get dumped into the blood stream
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Lymph
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Small masses of tissue that filter lymph and produce lymphocytes
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Lymph nodes
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Cells that emerge from bone marrow and produce antibodies that enter the blood stream
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Lymphocyte B cells
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Gamma globulin proteins produced by Lymphocyte B cells that identify foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses, and tag them for destruction
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Antibodies
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A substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.
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Antigen
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Organ that filters larger amounts of lymph than lymph nodes can handle
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Spleen
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Cells produced by the thymus that destroy antigens and regulate the body's immune system response
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Lymphocyte T cells
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A mass of lymph tissue that is mostly active in teenage years, creating the T cells that fight infection
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Thymus
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A state when the conditions of an organism are within acceptable ranges
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Homeostasis
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What the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do to maintain homeostasis
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Feedback control
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A protein in red blood cells that oxygen molecules attach to
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Hemoglobin
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Highly specialized cells with no nucleus and lots of hemoglobin
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Red blood cells
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Cells that kill bacteria and foreign molecules
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White blood cells
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Bits and pieces of cell membrane that help the blood to clot
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Platelets
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The liquid portion of blood, containing water, ions, dissolved gases, protein, and other transported products
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Plasma
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The part of a neuron that takes in information
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Dendrites
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The portion of a neuron that sends out information
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Axon
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A cell between a sensory neuron and another cell, tasked with passing information along
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Interneuron (or association neuron)
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A neuron that conveys a message from the CNS to any target that reacts (such as a muscle, gland, or organ)
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Effector neuron
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A neuron that sends messages straight to muscle cells
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Motor neurons
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A neuron with no nerve impulses passing through it
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Resting neuron
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Molecules that rush into a neuron and create an electrical charge
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Sodium ions
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The point of stimulation at which a neuron responds with an action potential
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A neuron's threshold
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A self-propagating nerve impulse
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Action potential
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What happens to the electrical charge in a neuron?
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It travels all the way to the dendrites and down the axon
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A fatty wrapping around the axons on neurons that serve as fast conductors
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Myelin sheath
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When electrical impulses leap frog along the insulated portion of an axon that is wrapped in a myelin sheath
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Saltatory conduction
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Areas of exposed axon on neurons insulated with a myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What the action potential triggers
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Synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
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Space between the terminal end of an axon and the closest neuron's dendrites
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Synaptic cleft
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What neurotransmitters trigger in the receiving neuron
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Permeability to sodium ions, which can trigger an action potential
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The nervous system communicates via these two methods
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Chemically and electrically
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A tissue that produces a hormone and sends it directly into the blood stream
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Endocrine gland
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A tissue that secretes products into a duct that leads to the outside of the body
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Exocrine gland
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A chemical secreted into the blood stream to regulate a distant target cell
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Hormone
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This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
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Hypothalmus
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Oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are produced by this
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Hypothalamus
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GH (growth hormone), FSH (folical stimulating hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating horomone) are produced by this gland
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Pituitary
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Hormone produced by the thyroid gland to regulate metabolism
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Thyroxine
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A chemical needed by the thyroid in order to produce thyroxine
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Iodine
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What adrenal glands secret
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Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids
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Another name for epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Adrenalin and noradrenalin
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Cluster of cells within the pancreas that produce hormones
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Islets of Langerhans
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What the Islets of Langerhans produces
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Insulin and Glucagon
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The role of insulin
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To trigger cells to take up glucose from the blood stream
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The role of glucagon
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Increases glucose in blood by telling the liver to break down more glycogen stores
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Hormones produced by the ovaries
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Estrogen and progesterone
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Hormones produced by the testes
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Androgens including testosterone
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Bone cells
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Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Connects bones like hinges
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Ligaments
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Connects muscle to bones
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Tendons
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Muscle proteins
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Actin and myosin
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Cavity in the center of a blastula or blastocyst
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Blastocoel
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The pushing inward of a layer of cells
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Invagination
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The process by which the three germ layers develop into the organs of the embryo
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Organogenesis
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A cell in the mammalian blastocyst that will develop into the embryo - they can grow into any type of cell
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Embryonic stem cells
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The name given to the developing human embryo at the stage when all the major organs are present
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Fetus
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What hormone induces spermatogenesis?
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FSH
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Where does human ovum fertilization occur?
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Oviduct (fallopian tube)
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Muscle contractions are triggered by what ions?
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Calcium
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What is the most abundant protein in vertebrates?
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Collagen (a strutural protein)
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Uric acid is the chief ________ of birds, insects, and some reptiles, and so are called _______
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Nitrogenous waste
Uricotelic animals |
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The first and shortest part of the small intestine and it is where most chemical digestion takes place
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Duodenum
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