Animal Biology

Front 1

Back 1

Sarcomeres

Front 2

True or false? the attachment of myosin to the binding sites on the actin molecule.

Back 2

FALSE

Front 3

What is attached to M lines in a sarcomere?

Back 3

Myosin tails

Front 4

What changes shape during contractions of a sarcomere?

Back 4

Myosin heads

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Back 5

d)

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Back 6

e)

Front 7

Back 7

c)

Front 8

All animals are capable of movement. True or False?

Back 8

True

Front 9

Back 9

Homeostasis!!!!

Front 10

Back 10

Blood

Front 11

The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals has evolved because...

Back 11

This is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.

Hint 11

It's not because of a common ancestor.

Front 12

Back 12

Some animals suppress their immune functions during times of reproduction.

Hint 12

It is not d or e

Front 13

Back 13

C

Front 14

Back 14

B) Positive feedback's responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Front 15

Define the term: fertilization

Back 15

The joining of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Front 16

The cavity inside the blastula is called the... gastrula, blastomere, or blastocoel?

Back 16

BLASTOCOEL!!!!!!!

Front 17

The formation of the fertilization envelope and the slow block to polyspermy are dependant on the (entrance?/departure?) of *** ions (into?/from?) The egg.

Back 17

...on the ENTRANCE of CALCIUM ions INTO the egg.

Front 18

Heterotrophic?

Back 18

Obtains energy and nutrients from other organismes.

Front 19

How does function influence structure?

Back 19

EVILUTION!!! it aint functioning? That structure's not fit! Only the fittest survive!!!!! 🐩🐈🐏🐀🐥🐄🐸🐸

Front 20

Acrosome! WHAT DOES THIS MEAN??

Back 20

Magic tidbits in the head the sperm (hydrolytic enzymes) that are released and eat a hole in the jelly coat of the egg (acrosomal reaction) and protiens that bind to receptors under that jelly coat. (Acrosomal process) 😜

Front 21

What the heck is POLYSPERMY? IS THAT EVEN A WORD!?? (It is)

Back 21

When sperm and egg plasmas fuse good ol slow block to POLYSPERMY stop other sperms from fertalizing the egg. 😲

Front 22

Perivitelline space is what?

Back 22

The space between FERTILIZARION ENVELOPE and the egg. Too lazy to explain further observe doodle

Front 23

If you injected an unfertilized egg with calcium what would happen?

Back 23

The egg would activate but there is no sperm so no embryo 🚫👪no baby❎ no further development. yall just got that eggs hopes up

Front 24

Zygote becomes Blastula! How? What makes a Blastula different? Which is bigger?

Back 24

CLEAVAGE!!!! 🍑🍑🍑

Single cell becomes multi cellular and is the exact same size! 😲

Front 25

💣🎆BLASTOCOEL!!! WHERE IS THAT???

Back 25

The hollow cavity in the BLASTULA filled with fluid 💧🌊

Front 26

ANIMAL POLE VS VEGETAL POLE

🐙🐘🐣💈 VS 🌽🌽🌾💈

Back 26

Vegetal pole has more yoke 🍳 to feed the embryo and has bigger cells. Animal pole has less yoke and smaller cells

Front 27

Differential gene expression? ☺😑😬😉😎😘

Back 27

All these cells in early development have the same genome so why would they do different things and look different? Well this fancy gene expression thingy means that cells in different locations are exposed to different signals so that determines there structure and behaviour. Like if you had a set of identical twins and one was raised by the Kardshians and the other by Duggars would they be the would they grow up to lead the same lives??? Be the smae person??? Probs no...

Front 28

Morphogenesis is word that means??? 😨

Back 28

The rearrangement of cells or sheets of cells in the embryo! Ex: gastrulation (formation of germ layers), organogeniesis (formation of organs)

Front 29

What happens to the poles (animal/vegetal) during gastrulation?

Back 29

Vegetal hemisphere is pushed inward and will become the future endoderm. And the animal hemisphere stretches over the whole surface of the cell and will become the future ectoderm.

Front 30

During GASTRULATION the blastuocoel collapses. What is formed in its place?

Back 30

The ARCHENTERON 😈 (arch nemesis of the poor defeated blastocoel) is a new cavity that is formed that will eventually become the digestive track. 🍕🍝🍌

Front 31

Apoptosis is when...

Back 31

😱🔫 programed cell death. The cells commit honorable suicide for the success of there kingdom. Let us take a moment to remeber the brave cells who dutifly died to bring us where we are today 😢. May the webbing between my fingers rest in peace.

Front 32

What the fudge is neurulation???

Back 32

It is an example of organogenesis. Dorsal mesoderm forms the NOTOCHORD, ectoderm forms the NEURAL PLATE, which then becomes the NEURAL TUBE, which becomes the brain and spinal cord.

Front 33

What are neural crest cells??

Back 33

Cells that develop between the ectoderm and the neural tube to separate them.

Front 34

Convergent extensions???

Back 34

OOO

OOO ➡ OOOOOOOO

OOO

Group of cells narrowing and elongating into a line(ish) shape

Front 35

Whats the major difference between endocrine and nervous signaling?

Back 35

Endo is chemical and nervous is electrical

Front 36

What is a glial cell???

Back 36

The little cells surounding (and interwind with) neurons. They beforme housekeeping duties for the neurons such as nurishing them.

Front 37

What are the parts of a neuron??

Back 37

Cell body that contain the nucleus, dendrites that come off the main cell body that receive electrical signals that pass throught the cell body, axon hillock then through the axon to pass on the signal to thr next neuron in the chain.

Front 38

Where are the synaptic terminals? What is the synapse?

Back 38

Front 39

Ganglia what is it?

Back 39

Mass of cellular neurons in place of brains in some nervouse systems. Example of organisms with this kind of system would be a sea star or a leech

* brainy animals have ganglia too as part of their peripheral nervouse system (PNS) which also includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Front 40

Cephalization?

Back 40

The concentration of nervous tissues at the anterior end of body, forming head and brain.

Front 41

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Back 41

Brain and spinal cord

Front 42

What are the three stages of information processing in the nervous system?

Back 42

Sensory input (from a sensor), integration, (performed by an effector) motor output

Front 43

What is a reflex reaction?

Back 43

💃actions without requiring integration at the level of the brain. (Only travels to the spinal cord)

Front 44

How do endocrine cells get the message out?

Back 44

They secrete hormones into the blood steam affecting target cells to regulate physiology and behaviour

Front 45

What is the hypothalamus? 👾

Back 45

Region of brain that consists of neural tissues. The master regulator of the endocrine system. Acts primarily through the pituitary glands.

Front 46

Fight or flight? Whats happening?

Back 46

Hypothalmus send signal to the Adrenal Gland and the adrenal mendella secretes EPINEPHERINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE. These hormones increase breathing and metabolic rate and decrease blood flow to non essential organs (like digestion not important in an imergency)

Front 47

Explain hydrophobic and hydrophilic in the context of hormones in the blood stream.

Back 47

Philic: water lovers, cant pass through membranes, connects to signal receptors on the membrane of target cell.

Phobic: water hater, passes through membranes (lipid-soluble), connects to signal receptors in the target cell past the membrane.

Front 48

ANTAGONISTIC hormones??

Back 48

Hormones whose actions oppose each other. Used together to keep homeostasis by the endocrine sysytem.

Front 49

Whats up with glucose and insulin?

Back 49

They are antagonistic hormones. We get glucose from food. If we get to much the pancrease releases insulin into the blood stream if they're isn't enough glucose the pancrease releases glucagon into the blood which the liver uses to make glucose to release in the blood.

Front 50

What is a Metabolic rate? What basal metabolic rate?

Back 50

Amount of energy per unit time. And basal metabolic rate (BMR) is how much energy is needed for homeostasis at rest. The BIGGER the animal the BIGGER the BMR.

*it is the opposite for BMR per unit body mass

Front 51

Biosynthesis? ???

Back 51

Multiple step process in which food bits are converted to more usable products in a living organism.

Front 52

Which cell gives off which chef cell or the parietal cell give pelsinogen and HCl

Back 52

Cheif gives pep

Parietal gives HCl

Front 53

Salivary amalase is important for digesting.... pepsin os important for digesting....

Back 53

Carbohydrates, proteins

Front 54

Who has the bigger cecum??? Herbivores or carnivores???

Back 54

Herbies!!!!

Front 55

What hormones make us hungry or full?

Back 55

LEPTIN(longterm appetite) AND INSOLIN (hungry)

Front 56

Liver makes bile, gall bladder stores bile, bile released into duodenum to emulsifie fats. Is this a question?

Back 56

No just rember it im tired

Front 57

What are the 3 main parts of the small intestine??

Back 57

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum