Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
343 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Poikilothermic |
jawless fish, reptiles ectothermic |
|
|
Homeothermic |
birds, mammals endothermic |
|
|
What are the two higher level vertebrates? |
mammals, birds |
|
|
Possum |
no connection b/w hemispheres doesn't consciously play dead, but faints of fear most common marsupial in north america |
|
|
What are the two classes of Amphibians, and their corresponding tail identity |
Anoura -> no tail Urodela -> tail |
|
|
What is the only amphibian to start life in water, and then die in water? |
salimanders |
|
|
What is the organization and corresponding capitalization of scientific names? |
genus, specific name, sub-species first letter of first word capitalized only |
|
|
Anamniotes |
lay eggs in water "lower vertebrates" |
|
|
Amniotes |
embryo develops in amnion or chorion mammals, birds, reptiles |
|
|
what is the only mammal that lays eggs? |
platypus |
|
|
What prerequisites are needed for natural selection to work on a trait |
variation fitness inheritance limited resources |
|
|
What are the 3 sub-types of fitness |
1. darwinian or direct fitness 2. indirect fitness 3. inclusive fitness |
|
|
What are the 3 types of direct fitness |
1. traits improving chance of survival 2. correlated traits 3. traits emanating from sexual selection |
|
|
what are traits emanating from sexual selection |
- improve intrasexual competition - traits that effect the choice of sexual partners |
|
|
what are correlated traits |
influence proximity of genes and interaction of genes at different loci |
|
|
what is inclusive fitness |
direct fitness + indirect fitness |
|
|
what is direct fitness |
reproductive success = # of offspring |
|
|
what is indirect fitness |
based on interactions among co-species |
|
|
Direct Fitness squirrel example |
black squirrel & white squirrel mutation of grey squirrel now 50% of grey squirrels are black due to fact that black squirrels are more aggressive white squirrels are more easily spotted & killed |
|
|
gene pool |
genes of all reproductive individuals |
|
|
genome |
full set of genes in a cell |
|
|
genotype |
entire genome of an individual |
|
|
single-gene effector |
one gene associated w/ one phenotype |
|
|
Do mutations in genes have a large effect on behaviour? |
no |
|
|
pleiotropy |
gene associated with more than one phenotype |
|
|
polygeny |
many genes associated with one phenotype |
|
|
what is the most common gene effect? |
polygeny |
|
|
what is the most uncommon gene effect |
single-gene effect |
|
|
how is reproductive success measured? |
number of offspring number of weaned individuals number of individuals available for mating |
|
|
Eusocial animal and example |
highly evolved social system ants, bees |
|
|
what is fitness highly dependent on |
environment |
|
|
symbiology |
study of symbiosis |
|
|
mutualism |
interspecific cooperation clown fish, anenomies |
|
|
commensalism |
interspecific association human, mice or rats (sometimes pigeons) ravens and wolves |
|
|
parasitism |
one species takes advantage of another species ex. pregnancy, mosquitos |
|
|
What areas of study study evolutionary stable strategies |
sociobiology
social ecology |
|
|
what are the two evolutionary stable strategies |
1. pure ESS 2. mixed ESS |
|
|
what is pure ess |
a single strategy adopted by all members of a population |
|
|
what are the three types of selection |
artificial natural group |
|
|
what are the two sub-types of natural selection |
kin selection sexual selection |
|
|
What 2 scientists supported theories of selection |
EO wilson DS wilson |
|
|
reproductive restraint |
not mating as population is too big |
|
|
prudent predation |
not killing as population is too small |
|
|
what is group selection |
survival of a species through voluntary behavioural means |
|
|
what are the levels of evolution |
gene gamete individual mating family group |
|
|
what theory is associated with the gene level |
gene theory selfish |
|
|
what competition is associated with gamete level |
sperm competition |
|
|
what selection is associated with the individual level |
individual selection |
|
|
what selection is associated with the mating pair level |
sexual selection |
|
|
what selection is associated with the family level |
kin selection |
|
|
what selection is associated with the group level |
group selection |
|
|
what are the 3 products of evolution |
1. actual adaptations 2. by-products of evolution (accidental) 3. noise or random effects |
|
|
what are the three sub-types of noise or random effects |
1. chance mutations 2. sudden environmental changes 3. developmental chance effects |
|
|
what is a human example of by-products of evolution and why do we think this |
language it happened very quickly in history, and we are not sure how |
|
|
what kind of trait defines by-products of evolution |
carried-along traits |
|
|
What are 2 cautions to evolution |
evolution doesnt always mean increase in complexity complexity is not always better than simplicity |
|
|
tradition/ acculturation |
behaviour can change from innovation of a few individuals and this is passed down to future generations |
|
|
5 challenges to theory of evolution |
1. adoption 2. altruism w/ non-kin 3. homosexual behaviour 4. risk-taking without obvious gains 5. symbiosis |
|
|
why is adoption done in certain species |
social status decided by ability to have child - in primates, men dont pay attention to females without child - skunks steal kittens to raise as their own, to coop with maternal impulses |
|
|
Bonobo Chimpanzees & how they solve all problems |
solve all problems with sex thought to invent idea of trading sex for goods sleep with anyone |
|
|
Ex. of risk taking |
ravens pulling wolves tails as wolf falls asleep |
|
|
what demographic is most likely to partake in risk taking and why |
male young adults androgens (trying to impress peers and mates) |
|
|
Intra-sexual sexual selection |
male competing with male female competing with female |
|
|
inter-sexual sexual selection |
male competing for female |
|
|
The original views on sexual selection & who they were proposed by |
darwin and trivers males: compete for access to resources (including women) females: selection for choice prediction: ovulating females limited resource for males consequences: reproductive mistakes costly to females |
|
|
intra-sexual selection |
can proceed or follow conception |
|
|
intrasexual selection before mating |
males obtain feeding areas by fighting |
|
|
intrasexual selection after mating |
- pride take-over by strange male lion and infanticide receptivity of females and mating follows |
|
|
wolf heirarchies & corresponding mating |
male & female heirarchies created seperately highest ranking mate |
|
|
pheromones |
part of VNO (vomeronasal organ) olfactory system volatile in rodents, used as mechanism for communicating |
|
|
3 types of male- male competition |
agression sperm competition kleptogamy |
|
|
kleptogamy |
males who normaly dont have change to mate steal female "sneak-mating" preformed by frogs |
|
|
In monogamous species, what level of endrogen is appealing in a male |
low levels, they are more likely to stick around |
|
|
the sex priorities of male vs. female |
male: function of how many females are inseminated female: function of how many eggs are produced |
|
|
what species are highly inbred |
wolves |
|
|
epigametic sexual characteristics |
important sexondary sexual characteristics that influence mate paring characteristics used to show-off and impress associated with immune system ex. feathers on birds, antlers on moose |
|
|
sexual dimorphism |
females and males of species look very different based on epigametic sexual characteristics stronger in non-monogamous species |
|
|
epigametic characteristics in: ververt monkeys |
blue testicles
|
|
|
epigametic characteristics in: howler monkeys |
beards |
|
|
epigametic characteristics in:orang-utan |
size and enlarged facial features |
|
|
epigametic characteristics in: olive baboons |
long canines |
|
|
epigametic characteristics in: mandrills |
blue face/ nose |
|
|
epigametic characteristics in: humans |
facial hair height musculature |
|
|
4 terrestrial species of turtles in NS |
painted snapping blanding wood |
|
|
eastern painted turtle |
10-25 cm 3 canadian species (eastern, midland, western) functional at 20c, 16c in H20 nesting: may-july. lay 5-20 eggs hatching: fall, spring of next year incubation temps: females high, males low sexual maturation: females 10-12, males 8 |
|
|
Snapping turtle |
males 47 cm, females 35 cm sexual maturation: 15 years incubation temps: females warm or cool, males intermediate lay 25-50 eggs |
|
|
Blanding turtle |
18-26 cm separated from root population yellow on throat and smile sexual maturation: 15-25 years nesting: mid-late july, 15 eggs not good swimmers, physiologically |
|
|
wood turtle |
16-25 cm most terrestrial follow rivers sex determination: temp independent |
|
|
what is a unique foraging trait of wood turtle |
worm stomping stomp on ground and earth worms come out stomping simulates sound of rain to the worms |
|
|
what is the one sea turtle that is not vagrant |
leather back |
|
|
what is the only monogamous ape |
gibbons |
|
|
polygyny |
1 male - many females |
|
|
polyandry |
1 female - many males |
|
|
direct benefits theory |
survival/ reproductive value choosy/picky females males "selling points": direct benefits, epigametic sexual characteristics |
|
|
Good Gene theory\aka indirect benefit theory |
good genes = good phenotypes assumptions: females need to identiy good genes and cheaters |
|
|
Example of good gene theory |
MHC: pheromones proteins produced by MHC genes identify foreign vs. domestic cells MHC specific to each person |
|
|
what is the driving force of attraction, but not an indicator of good parenthood what level endrogen to k and r selected species go for |
endrogens are driving force of attraction, but not indication of good parent r-selected go for high endrogen k-selected go for low endrogen |
|
|
What are the three examples of good gene theory |
1. MHC in pheromones 2. identifiable signals, like pheromones in smell 3. symmetry |
|
|
Wedekind study on MHC matching in humans |
individuals attracted to opposite sex with different MHC than theres perfume magnifies MHC signalling |
|
|
Runaway selection theory |
about interactions of male and female traits atleast 2 genes involved (had by both but expressed in one) |
|
|
Chipmunk example of runaway selection theory |
females prefer bright dorsal line line is heritable gene for females contrasts preference with time these genes are linked and traits are exaggerated |
|
|
popular male effect |
a male who usually wouldnt get attention is surrounded by women, so they get more attention |
|
|
strategic genetics model |
basic idea: there are copiers and choosers |
|
|
population genetics model |
females look for preferred genetic based trait |
|
|
sensory bias theory/ aka sensory exploitation |
understanding what drives female choices male w/ ancestral traits preferred |
|
|
An example of sensory bias theory & girls preference of ancestral traits |
female southern platyfish (no swordtail) are more attracted to male green swordtail
|
|
|
ornaments |
the choice of females is based on a male ability to win fights or dominance contests |
|
|
ex of ornaments in elephant seal nose |
females call loudly during mating to try to attract a more dominant male in the vicinity |
|
|
In what community is their increased pressure to develop large antlers |
polyandry relationships with limited females |
|
|
what is an extended phenotype and what is an example |
not a physical trait exactly, but something associated with ability ex. beaverdam and oriels suspended nest |
|
|
polygyny threshold model |
if monogamy isnt available, a monogamist species will adopt polyandry |
|
|
gonochoristic (dioerious) mode of reproduction |
separate male and female individuals |
|
|
hermaphrodite (monoerious) mode of reproduction |
individuals have both egg and sperm |
|
|
parthenogenetic mode of reproduction |
all individuals have ovaries and no fertilization is necessary (in some species sperm is necessary but sperms genome isnt included in genome of young) |
|
|
biparental care |
both maternal and paternal care |
|
|
what are the three main theories of parental care |
parental provision model conflict model symbiosis model |
|
|
conflict theory |
the expense of supporting the offspring becomes too grand for the mother idea that you can quantify the conflict in interactions b/w individuals |
|
|
what are the issues with the conflict theory |
focus on species with one involved parent doesnt acknowledge conflict between siblings |
|
|
symbiosis theory |
opposite of conflict reference to mutualism as they both recieve benefits |
|
|
Study on urogenital liking by mothers in rats, example of symbiosis theory |
urine is source of H20 and nutrients for mother |
|
|
what are the 3 views of male vs female care |
certainty of paternity hypothesis gamete order hypothesis association or proximity hypothesis |
|
|
certainty of paternity hypothesis |
50% of fathers gene in offspring if certainty of fatherhood is high, father will care if certainty of father is low, father wont care |
|
|
gamete order hypothesis |
last parent to release gamete provides parental care limited by fertilization mode |
|
|
association or proximity hypothesis |
proximity of adult & offsprings determine parental care territorial males are paternal |
|
|
example of polyandry in Northern Jacana Shore birds |
females have dominant role in courtship males build nest males involved in incubation, and protect chicks |
|
|
eusocial species, ex. |
highly evolved social system divide labour ants, molerats |
|
|
parental experience hypothesis |
the likelihood of a childs survival rate increases as the parent has more children |
|
|
alloparental care in red foxes |
daughters from the previous year stay for one more season to assist the mother |
|
|
characteristics of why alloparental individuals don't disperse |
risks of finding suitable territory risks of finding mate risk of successful reproduction |
|
|
nuclear family |
mom, dad, pup of that year |
|
|
extended family |
multiple generations |
|
|
describe alloparental care in wolves |
only do it in years where the situation is tough obligatory helping or faculative only female helpers |
|
|
describe alloparental care in coyotes |
system is intermediary and flexible |
|
|
what specific characteristics of species commonly lead to paternal care |
external fertilization |
|
|
what are the 8 categories of male investment in male canids |
grooming
transporting/carrying feeding defending guarding baby-sitting playing care for females |
|
|
polygynandry |
a network of preferences |
|
|
what are the 2 types of alternative mating strategies |
forced mating surreptitious mating or kleptogamy |
|
|
genetic monogamy |
DNA analysis confirms bond between male and female paternity is 100% |
|
|
sexual/mating monogamy |
exclusive based on sexual interactions |
|
|
social monogamy |
mating system becomes social system social living arrangement between male and females |
|
|
describe locking in canids during intercourse, how does it contribute to the maitenance of a hierarchy |
penis cannot be removed increases ability for alpha to catch beta sleeping with their mate |
|
|
what are the two monogamous mating systems |
genetic sexual |
|
|
what is the 7 criteria of monogamy |
reduced sexual dimorphism exclusive mating pair bond bipaternal care exclusion of strangers from family reproductive suppression incest avoidance |
|
|
what is the only hibernating canid |
raccoon dog |
|
|
what animal has the highest degree of paternal care |
african wild dog |
|
|
body size, maturation, reproductive variance of monogamy |
equal equal equal |
|
|
body size, maturation, reproductive variance of polygyny |
males larger males slower high in males |
|
|
body size, maturation, reproductive variance of polyandry |
females larger females slower high in females |
|
|
faculative vs. obligate taxonomies of monogamy |
faculative: paternal investment low, loose association, occasional polygyny obligate: paternal care, cohesive, extrapair mating very rare |
|
|
spatial taxonomy of monogamy |
territorial female-defence dominance-based |
|
|
temporal taxonomy of monogamy |
serial permanent |
|
|
discribe poole's three grades of monogamy |
grade 1: male and female defend common territory, but offspring leave after weaning grade 2: adults are permanently paired but dispersion of young is delayed grade 3: rank determined monogamy |
|
|
what is the play level and sibling aggression level of monomorphic personalities |
play = low level aggression = high |
|
|
what is the play level and sibling aggression level of oligomorphic personalities |
play = moderate aggression = moderate |
|
|
what is the play level and sibling aggression level of polymorphic personalities |
play = high aggression = low |
|
|
what are the 4 examples of polymorphic personalities |
dhole wolf african wild dog bush dog |
|
|
what are the 2 examples of oligomorphic personalities |
coyote jackals |
|
|
what is an example of monomorphic personalities |
fox-like canids |
|
|
behavioural inhibition mechanisms in groups |
epidiectic displays territory size dominance hierarchies overpopulation |
|
|
physiological inhibition mechanisms |
HPA axis immune response pheromones |
|
|
epimeletic |
care-giving |
|
|
et-epimeletic |
care-soliciting behaviour |
|
|
allelomimetic, example |
doing the same thing as other individuals example: school of fish |
|
|
types of bonds in social behaviours |
parent-offspring sibling-sibling female-female male-male male-female |
|
|
gregariousness |
4 levels in a continuum from solitary to complex living |
|
|
what are the 4 levels of gregariousness |
1. solitariness 2. aggregations 3. group permanence and identity 4. personal relationships within the group |
|
|
9 determining factors of mammalian social organization |
1. mating strategy 2. gregariousness 3. intolerance 4. affectional bonds 5. complexity of communication 6. inbreeding avoidance 7. group mobility 8. fecundity and longevity 9. ecological factors |
|
|
what are the 3 categories that mamallion social organization is based on |
1. sociability 2. sexual strategy 3. territoriality |
|
|
Bernsteins social role theory |
behavioural polymorphism required individual differences within a group are not necessarily determined by competition or resources |
|
|
what are roles determined by |
age group sex rank body type |
|
|
agonism |
refers to the antithesis of darwin there are two opposite actions on two opposite sides of a continuum agression - submission |
|
|
dimensions of agonistic behaviour : form |
the pattern of aggressive-submissive acts |
|
|
dimensions of agonistic behaviour: cause |
what caused and regulates aggressive-submissive acts |
|
|
dimensions of agonistic behaviour: function |
the function of the aggressive-submissive act |
|
|
dimensions of agonistic behaviour: consequences |
what was the effect, what happened |
|
|
conative |
motivational factors |
|
|
affective |
emotional factors |
|
|
cognitive |
perceptual and decisional factors |
|
|
apotreptic |
causes a conspecific to withdraw |
|
|
epitreptic |
causes a conspecific to approach |
|
|
mechanisms of controlling group populating and timing: preconception, behavioural |
intrasexual aggression, reduced attractiveness, reduced sexual initiative |
|
|
mechanisms of controlling group populating and timing: preconception, physiological |
puberty delay, ovulatory suppression, luteal insufficiency |
|
|
mechanisms of controlling group populating and timing: postconception, behavioural |
infanticide, maternal neglect, poor provisioning, inadequate allopaternal resources |
|
|
mechanisms of controlling group populating and timing: postconception, physiological |
impantation block, induced abortion, impaired fetal growth, resorption, induced premature birth, depressed lactation |
|
|
overt aggression |
goal is harm bodily contact made |
|
|
Barnett's terminology |
terminology that describes effect rather than cause |
|
|
aggression vs. predatory attack |
aggression: ventromedial hypothalamic ventral PAG predatory: dorsolateral hypothalamus ventral PAG |
|
|
sociobiological models of aggression/dominance |
based on game theory focus on function and evolution of behaviours main limitation: applies to contexts with 2 individuals |
|
|
what are the 3 models of the cost/benefit analysis of fighting |
hawk-dove war of attrition sequential assessment |
|
|
hawk-dove model |
hawk: persistence up to injury, always aggressive dove: pretend but retrieve if opponent escalates (bluff but retreat) bourgois vs. anti-bourgois |
|
|
bourgouis |
owner of territory plays hawk |
|
|
anti-bourgouis |
owner of territory plays dove |
|
|
war of attrition |
contest length is related to the value of the object of the contest mild intensities |
|
|
sequential assessment |
opponents assess each other in bouts used to predict outcome identifies giving up threshold |
|
|
sequence of sequential assessment |
1. least dangerous behaviour is used first 2. assessment done 3. second least dangerous behaviour used 3. assessment done |
|
|
winner effect |
winning predicts more wins |
|
|
loser effect |
losing predicts more losses |
|
|
bystander effect |
learning by observing future opponents fight |
|
|
audience effect |
individuals that are watched can change or adjust their behaviour |
|
|
typologies of aggression by archer |
protective parental competitive |
|
|
protective aggression |
in response to threat of physical attack |
|
|
parental aggression |
in response to a threat to young |
|
|
competitive aggression |
in response to threat to status or access to resources |
|
|
causal aggression |
aggression is a response to a stimulus |
|
|
functional aggression, two sub-categories |
aggression is an attempt to solve a problem proximate or ultimate |
|
|
proximate functions of functional aggression |
get more food, access to mates, etc. |
|
|
ultimate functions of functional aggression |
reproductive/immune suppression |
|
|
what are the 7 typologies of aggression as stated by moyer |
predatory intermale fear-induced irritable sex-related parental instrumental |
|
|
interspecific aggression |
defense against predators |
|
|
intraspecific aggression |
hostile behaviours, usually not leading to injury |
|
|
indiscriminate aggression |
reactive aggression |
|
|
typologies of aggression, EO wilson |
territorial dominance sexual predatory antipredatory parent-offspring |
|
|
3 characteristics of the dominance hierarchy |
frequency duration intensity |
|
|
concept of frequencies in determining a dominance hierarchy |
how many times A is the initiator, and how many times B was the recipient |
|
|
concepts of stand-offs in determining a dominance hierarchy |
stand off vs. quick aggressive encounter time of aggression |
|
|
concept of intensity in determining a dominance hierarchy |
the outcome of the situation |
|
|
4 things the structure and dynamic of dominance hierarchies relies on |
stability of group size of the group individuals involved external factors, such as availability of resources |
|
|
pecking order, 2 types |
first described in chickens peck-right hierarchies: aggression goes from dominant to submissive peck-dominance hierarchies: majority of aggression goes from dominant to submissive |
|
|
3 criteria for domiance hierarchy |
asymmetry few circulations of loops ranks should be linear |
|
|
difference between coalitions and alliances |
alliances are much more permanent |
|
|
short term advantages of dominance |
prepares for flight or fight responses |
|
|
long term advantages of dominance |
reduction in antigen-antibody and inflammatory responses reduction in level of reproductive hormones |
|
|
Sapolsky baboon studies: stable dominance hierarchy |
dominant animals have lower levels of plasma cortisol
cortisol levels between low-ranking and high-ranking males are similar |
|
|
sapolsky baboon studies: unstable dominance hierarchy |
rank is not a predictor of stress highly stressed males have lower levels of testosterone |
|
|
example of heirarchy in african green monkey |
little or none |
|
|
example of hierarchy in vervet monkey |
pronounced linear hierarchy |
|
|
dominance hierarchy vs. role theory |
dominance hierarchy establishes rank role theory explains function |
|
|
what are the two families of lagomorpha, ex. |
ochotonidae: pikas leponidae: rabbits, hares |
|
|
differences between lagomorpha's and rodents |
upper jaw has 4 incisors (rodents have 2) no penis bone scrotum in front of penis strict herbivours ingest there own feces |
|
|
what lagomorpha is monogamous |
pikas |
|
|
facts about lagomorpha's |
no paternal care females larger than males induced ovulation 360 field of view |
|
|
what groups paid lots of attention to lagomorpha's |
vikings celtics |
|
|
courtship behaviours of lagomorpha's |
boxing or cuffing between males and females |
|
|
describe boxing or cuffing between males and females |
females assess persistence of male male urinate on female |
|
|
precocial vs. altrical |
precocial: long gestation, young exposed altrical: short gestation, young nest in burrow |
|
|
hares&jackrabbits vs. rabbits&cottontails |
hares: fast runners, exposed habitat, mother stays hidden, precocial, few young rabbits: good runners, sheltered habitat, young kept in burrows, altricial, many young |
|
|
what are the three lagomorpha's of eastern canada |
eastern cottontail arctic hare snowshoe hare |
|
|
snowshoe hare |
gestation: 34-40 days offspring: 1-8 litters: 4/year maturity: spring after birth longevity: 3-5 years |
|
|
facts about snowshoe hares |
cannibalism occasionally "scentless" and hiders dominance hierarchies mother rarely spends time with kids network of paths called beats |
|
|
social lepus, and the only example of this in north america |
domiance heirarchies form group circles at night snowshoes hare |
|
|
snowshoe hare cycles |
radical fluctuations in hare population follows solar cycles fluctuates from 1-10000 influence predator population size |
|
|
solar cycles |
11 years based on activity of the sun |
|
|
use of limbic system in neuroanatomy of aggression |
modulates aggressive responses |
|
|
hypothalamus, specific structures used in defensive attack |
ventromedial nucleus |
|
|
hypothalamus, specific structures used in direct attack |
lateral hypothalamic area |
|
|
what happens when you stimulate the hypothalamus in low ranking rhesus monkey |
produces dominant behaviour |
|
|
what happens when you remove the amygdala |
fear is greatly decreased |
|
|
frontal lobe damage results in what |
suppression of aggression |
|
|
dopamine levels and their effect on aggression |
high dopamine = high aggression |
|
|
androgen levels and their effect on aggression |
high androgen level = high aggression |
|
|
how do anti-estrogens work |
anti-aggression effects |
|
|
what happens with the injection of progesterone |
decrease in irritability |
|
|
what do endogenous oploids contribute to |
social grooming and social contact |
|
|
what does oxycotin contribute to |
correlated with monogamy and pair bonds |
|
|
what do decreased oxycotin levels result in |
less likely to bond, more aggression, no paternal care |
|
|
what is the result of increased prolactin and oxycotin |
increased protection of young |
|
|
what do thyroid hormones contribute to |
frustration induced aggression high levels = frustration induced aggression |
|
|
what happens with high levels of glucocorticoids |
extreme aggression |
|
|
what is the main hormonal cause for aggression |
androgenic steroid hormones |
|
|
3 changes that contribute to the concept of androgens and their effect on aggression |
1. seasonal changes = increased aggression in mating season 2. puberty changes = increased aggression at puberty 3. sex differences = males more aggressive |
|
|
what animal has females with an endocrinology system resembling males |
spotted cheetahs |
|
|
causuality (what causes what) |
increased aggression caused by increased testosterone increased testosterone causes increased aggression |
|
|
how does testosterone levels effect aggression |
perception of threat inhibitory processes |
|
|
sociometric matrix |
mathematical model used to tank individuals interactions and infer dominance hierarchy minimum 5 people observe based on dyadic interactions |
|
|
functions of sociometric matrix |
dominance hierarchy affiliations communication sexual behaviour attention proximities |
|
|
when are proximities significant |
if it is consistent over time |
|
|
what can be used to study attention |
eye tracers |
|
|
what rank (in linear dominance hierarchies) is always at the bottom |
omega |
|
|
what are the characteristics of a linear dominance hierarchy |
transitivity asymmetry absense of dominance reversals |
|
|
non-linear dominance hierarchy assumptions |
dominance reversals common symmetry may have independent hierarchies within the group |
|
|
what implies dominance, wins or overthrows |
overthrows |
|
|
sociality of species |
the freedom of expressing individual differences |
|
|
what are the two dimensions of personality |
temperament character |
|
|
temperament |
genetic disposition to act a certain way |
|
|
when is temperament observed |
at 3 years |
|
|
character |
dimension modulated by learning, experience, and environment |
|
|
Dugatkin's definition of personality |
restrictive and functional focus on individual strategies or impact of individual differences on behavioural strategies |
|
|
Diamond (1957) book on personality animals discussed |
personality and temperament discussed cats and dogs |
|
|
what researchers studied wolves |
fentress Mech woolpy and ginsburg |
|
|
what researchers studied domestic cats |
feaver, mendi and bateson, mendi and hareout |
|
|
what individuals were interested in the personality of dogs |
veterinarians |
|
|
what researchers were interested in personality in primates |
plutchik sapolsky |
|
|
what researchers were interested in personality in spotted hyena's |
gosling |
|
|
pavlov's typology of dogs nervous system based on their activity-reactivity, and their ability to be conditioned |
weak nervous system = melancholic strong nervous system (two sub-groups) = - balanced - mobile: sanguine - slow: phlegmatic - unbalanced: choleric |
|
|
what researchers were the origin of pavlov's typology of dogs |
hippocrates galen |
|
|
shyness/boldness |
response to risky situations |
|
|
exploration/avoidance |
response to novel situations |
|
|
activity is measured in what situations |
in non-risky, non-novel situations |
|
|
personality traits of spotted hyenas, what researcher studied this |
assertiveness excitability agreeableness sociability curiosity Gosling |
|
|
boldness |
risk taking sensation seeking sociability leadership dominance initiative |
|
|
shyness |
tame behaviour relaxation seeking low sociability conformity subordinance following |
|
|
fast (bold) birds |
aggressive, approach novel objects, form foraging patterns |
|
|
slow (shy) birds |
nonaggressive, avoid novel objects, no foraging patterns |
|
|
ex. of being too bold = won't be dominant |
wolf "devils child" despotic personality super bold, not dominant eventually killed by other wolves |
|
|
despotic personality |
dictatorship |
|
|
conservative behaviour |
studying behaviour in the context of conservation |
|
|
3 methods of testing personality |
consistency repeatibility heritability |
|
|
heritability |
the genes associated with temperament involves lab experiments or field research |
|
|
captivity and personality test: mirror simulation |
how they react to seeing themselves in the mirror |
|
|
captivity and personality test: keeper surveys |
some traits associated with reduced breeding success |
|
|
behavioural syndromes: why invented them |
biologists |
|
|
behavioural syndromes |
context independent correlation of traits and behaviours across contexts predictability of boldness of shyness across contexts and throughout time |
|
|
are behaviour syndromes always consistent, ex |
no increases in testosterone can turn shyness to boldness |
|
|
5 strategies to studying behaviour syndromes |
1. puzzling behaviour aproach 2. candidate behaviour approach 3. proximate or "bottom up" approach 4. ecological approach |
|
|
puzzling behaviour approach |
behaviour that does no match the pattern of the individual |
|
|
candidate behaviour approach |
relationships between behaviours that are part of a syndrome in other species |
|
|
proximate or "bottom up" approach |
genes, hormones, neurotransmitters |
|
|
ecological approach, ex. |
the effects of the environment ex. shy when lots of resources, bold when limited resources |
|
|
neophobia |
fear of new people |
|
|
examples of dominant-specific individual differences in candidate approach |
shy-bold axis proactive-reactive axis aggressiveness neophobia exploratory behaviour |
|
|
example of how exploratory behaviour is hard to put in context |
wolf pack that had been shot at is dominant and still bold, but cautious |
|
|
Watters and Meehan theory on personality shy/bold importants |
important in post-release survival step 1: release animals with bold trait step 2: release other animals when population is established |
|
|
what research categories study play |
developmental ethology developmental animal psychology |
|
|
what researcher studied play in felids |
tim caro |
|
|
what researcher studied play in canids |
marc bekoff |
|
|
what researcher studied play in wolves |
judy loeven |
|
|
what researcher studied play in corvids (ravens) |
bernd heinrich |
|
|
what researcher studied play in rats |
pellis and Jaak panksepp |
|
|
what researcher studied play in primates |
biben/aitmann |
|
|
Bekoff definitions of play
|
classical ethology talks about structural definitions of play focus on form first to study punctuation based on cause, form or function |
|
|
triad of mind |
cognitive (strategy) conative (motivation) affective (emotional) |
|
|
what fish has the largest cerebellum of all vertebrates |
elephant nose fish |
|
|
describe play in elephant nose fish |
communicate with weak electric charge will play "hockey", push a ball around with coordinated movements dominance hierarchy |
|
|
describe the frequency differences in elephant fish communication |
high frequency = new interaction/ scared low frequency = comfortable |
|
|
what are the four functions of play |
1. object play 2. social play 3. locomotor play 4. inter-specific play |
|
|
object play, ex. |
using something different from the environment elephant fish using ball |
|
|
social play |
contact vs. non-contact, within same species |
|
|
locomotor play, ex. |
self-stimulation ex. baby goats random burst of actions |
|
|
inter-specific play, ex. |
play within different species ex. human and dogs |
|
|
possible functions of locomotor play |
development of motor skills development of personal physical knowledge of environment |
|
|
Byers and Walkers observations of neuroanatomy correlations with play, the correlation in rats, mice, and cats |
correlation between cerebellar synapses and play rates increase correlation in rats, decrease correlation in mice, increase correlation in cats |
|
|
play markers for dogs |
play bow self-handicap active pawing |
|
|
rough and tumble play |
very similar to fighting |
|
|
relational learning |
you learn an individuals behaviours, but dont conciously remember learning them |
|
|
Spinka's general theory of play |
quasi-cognitive sexual dimorphism in play increases with time locomotor play is more frequent in species in unpredictable environments |
|
|
proximate causes of play |
dopamine is a facilitator of play endorphins make it feel good play used to cope with stress used to avoid/reconcile fights |
|
|
Panksepp's definition of play |
index of youthful health play contributes to maintaining juvenile characteristics |
|
|
how do cannabinoids effect adult play |
given to non-play adults may encourage play |
|
|
Panksepp's neurochemistry of play: arousing |
Ach glutamate opinoids dopamine |
|
|
panksepp's neurochemistry of play: suppressing |
serotonin norepinephrine gaba opiods dopamine neuropeptides, oxycotin and CRH |
|
|
Burghardt's definition of play |
correlated with parental care and behaviour often between kin play initiated when animal is relaxed or unstressed |
|
|
5 criteria to identify play |
- not completely functional - endogenous component - structural/ temporal difference from other behaviours - repeated and predictable - relaxed |
|
|
what is self-handicapping in play |
purposefuly using less ability than capable of to let other individual win |
