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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The transition from hive work to foraging is associated with what?
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Messenger RNA abundance in the brain
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What experimental technique was used to relate changes in behavior with changes in gene expression in the brain?
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Microarray
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Did microarray identify average trends or specifics?
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Average trends
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When do bees shift to foraging for nectar?
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At 5 to 7 weeks of life
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Do nurses and foragers vary in performance tempo?
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Yes, some individuals work harder than others
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How many microarrays were performed?
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72
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What was done to minimize the effect of genetic variation?
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Full-sister nurses and foragers were collected in equal numbers from several genetic sources; compared them directly
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For what percent of the microarray did nurses and foragers show significant differences in brain gene expression?
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39%
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Gene exhibited highly significant differences in expression - was the magnitude of these differences large or small?
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Small
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Why did the fact that foragers are older than nurses in a typical population pose a problem?
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Typical colonies, therefore, did not reveal whether gene expression differences are associated iwht behavior or with age.
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What was done to compensate typical colonies' inability to show if gene expression differences were associated with behavior or with age?
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"Single-cohor" colonies were created, composed entirely of young bees.
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What were the six sample groups?
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1. Young nursers
2. Young foragers, (same age as young nursers) 3. Aged nursers 4. Aged foragers, (same age as aged nursers) 5. Typical nursers 6. Typical foragers |
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To formally test whether gene expression profiles in individual bee brains can predict behavior, what type of methods were used?
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Two methods used to classify tumor types from microarray-generated expression
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Most individuals can be readily distinguished as nurse or forager irrespective of what qualities?
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Age
Genetic Sources Colony Type Prior Experience |
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Was correct behavior classification high even when all genes showing greater than 1.5-fold difference criterion were removed?
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Yes, classificaiton was still high
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What wasclass predicatoin analysis used for?
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Readily identified a set of predictor genes expressed in the brain that could discriminate between two classes of behavior in the honey bee.
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Of the 50 cDNAs most predictive for behavior, how many can be plausibly related to neural and behavioral plasticity?
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17
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What activities were the genes involved in that are expressed more highly in nursers? What might this suggest?
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Axonogenesis and cell adhesion; could be involved in changes in brain structure that precede the shift to foraging activity
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_______________________________
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________________________________
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What is age-related transition by honey bees from hive work to foraging associated with?
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Asociated with an increase in the expression of the foraging (for) gene.
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What does the for gene encode?
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Encodes a guanosine 3,5-monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG)
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Describe the for gene in Drosophila.
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Two for alleles are commonly present in population sof Drosophila. forR (rover) flies have higher levels of for mRNA and PKG activity and collect food over a larger area than do forS (sitter) flies
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What is the transitoin to foraging typically preceded by?
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A series of orientation flights; involves changes in brain chemistry, brain structure, endocrine activity, and gene expression.
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Why are foragers in honey bees different from flies?
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Foragers collect food for their colony and not necessarily when they themselves are hungry
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Is PKG activity similar for nurses in both typical and single-cohort colonies?
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Yes
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What signficantly increased PKG activity: cGMP or cAMP?
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cGMP
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What type of mRNA do foragers have significantly higher levels of?
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Amfor mRNA
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Did foragers exhibit more PKG activity than nurses?
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Yes - about four times as much
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How did they resolve whether for up-regulation is associated primarily with foraging behavior or with the foragers' advanced age?
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Maniupalated colony social structure to obtain precocious foragers - established "single-cohort coloines"
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Where is Amfor highly expressed?
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In the lamina of the optic lobes and in the mushroom bodies; mushroom bodies constitute multimodel sensory processing in the insect brain
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What is Amfor involved in?
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higher order integration of visual information associated with orientation and foraging behavior
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What results from up-regulation of Amfor in the brain?
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Increasein PKG activity ~ transition from hive work to foraging outside
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In which species does PKG play a role in the control of feeding arousal?
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Flies and bees
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