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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optimal foraging behavior
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crows pick up large whelks and drop them at 5m. No higher or lower. Small whelks do not provide enoiugh energy for the flight. Must balance the benefits for the cost. Pick the best way to obtain energy by minimizing the cost involved
Ex: Oriel Bird picking largest worm regardless if there were many smaller ones. Lizards hunting crickets will not go into the cave if it hs snake scent only in wood debris bc it can hide. |
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Frequent Dependent strategy
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Fish stealers will steal fish from other roseate tern birds.
Fish hunting will hunt own fish If there are too many roseate tern birds, fish stealers will decrease in phenotype, bc of too much comeptition. Fish hunters will have lower fitness, but not much. Less fish stealers, then fish stealers will have higher fitness than fish hunters. EX: Right and left jawed fish. Right and left jawed fish. 50/50 in population since prey will adapt to their feeding. |
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Information Centers
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Ospreys coming to nest with prey will have followers. Followers will have higher foraging success or be informed birds. Non-informed birds will have lower foraging success take to much time to find fish.
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Round dance
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Honey bee provides info about profitable food sources within 50m of hive
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Waggle dance
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waggles body to 90 degree angle telling bees where flowers are located
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Adpative values of honey bee dance
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No differnce seen if abundant of food source during year.
If food is scarce then honeybee dance improves foraging behavior. Diffuse light bees-kept in dark had less honey in nest. Normal light bees had more honey in nest. |
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Ideal free distrubution
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Sickleheads will congrgate where there are more water fleas dripping. Ratios determine how may sickleheads can be supported on each side of tank. Less water fleas- one or two sickleheads .
More water fleas-4 to 5 sickleheads |
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Source
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pop increases- in gulls preferred habitats.
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Sink
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Decrease in pop- Gulls reduce pop by kicking out less competitive birds.
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Lizards-free distrubution
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Lizards given more rocks will shrink territory due to competition
Lizards given less rocks will expand territory to include more rocks. |
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Trade-offs
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invesment in movements or reproduction
flightless cricket can produce more eggs than flight morph bc they have more energy reserves. Flight morph needs energy reserves to fly than rpoduce more eggs. injecting hormone from flightless morphs into flight morphs makes them produce more eggs |
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Dispersal
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Avoid inbreeding depression Female mice will stay with with related individuals and not breed as much as outbred males. Females recieve help from mothers for rearing youung and protected by dominant males.
Male mice leave territoy in search of new females, avoiding competition, and establishing new territory, having multiple mates |
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Migration
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Males leave pop to find new females.
Seasonal migration Artic hern has longest mirgration Came from resident birds in Central America. Evolved thre times independently in tropical residents which produced migratory birds |
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Cost of Migration
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Energy is stored in form of storage. Birds store energy before migrating.
V-formnation. Birds in front waste more beats per min than birds on the end. Compeition involved |
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Red-eyed vireo
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More fat reserves-fly over gulf
less fat reserves-fly over mexico |
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Parental Care
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Any behavior of parental instance a parent increases fitness of young
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Parental Care examples
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Preparation of burrow
Taking care of eggs Provision of eggs feeding young caring for young after young can feed themselves Social assitance to mature offspring- Vervet monkeys |
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Cost of Parental Care
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Parasites
Adult mortatility |
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Discrminating Parental Care
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Colonial vs. less Colonial
Cliff swallow- highly colonial, call offspring by sound Barn swallow-less colonial, less ability to call for young. |
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Brood paratism
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Cuckoos have to compete with each other and burd host species by mimicking song of bird. Birds will constantly adapt to this. Arms race
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Parental Favoritism
Parent-offspring conflict |
strategies of offspring will increase their fitness, but decrease their parent's fitness & vice versa
Brown boobies will have sibicide, while blue boobies will not. Sibicide increases reproductive rate for sibilings, but not for parents. Less parental care for Brown Boobie and weakers ones killed Parents promote this, while bluw boobies will interfere with sibicide |
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Costs of Group living
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Consipicious
Disease Competition for food Dominance Male/female vulnerability |
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Benefits of Group living
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Defense
Assitance Improved foraging Safety Male dominance, reproductive competition |
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Mutualism
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shared gain of fitness
Ants and caterpillar Long-tailed Manakin |
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Reciprocity
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Delayed gain of direct fitness
Vampire bats |
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obligate Altruism
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permanent loss of direct fitness
Ant workers |
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Facultative altruism
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temporary loss of direct fitness
Wasps and some Ants |
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Interspecific mutualism
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when two different species increase each others direcr fitness
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Inclusive fitness
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indirect fitness
Workers helping sisters |
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Hamiltons rule
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rB*B>rC*C
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Insurance Hypothesis
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When reproductive dies, workers will raise larvae and pupae to adults. Investment not lost.
WASPS, ANTS, and BEES |
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Eusociality
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reproductive division of labor-cooperative behavior
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Temporal Polytheism
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Age determines task of worker
Bees, and Ants |
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Morphological Polytheism
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Rep. Castes look different from workers and soldiers
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Rep. specialization
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workers have non functional ovaries, queens have functional ones
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Threshold model
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One caste will become specialize in individual task over time
Leaf-cutter ants Honeybees- bee dies after sting. no ovaries |
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Social Stomach
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Ants share food with each other
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Superorganism
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Ants are cells of the body that increase their inclusive fitness for the organismal unit
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Communication is
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the key to the ants success-pheromones and chemical trail
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Point of No return
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Advanced Eusociality colonies cannot become solitary. Bees
Some primative ones can. |
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Intracolonial conflicts
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unfertlized egg-male
fertilized egg female Queen mates with one male More competition bc males will be less related to sisters, so they make their own Queen has multiple mates- sisters cannot compete bc each will inhibit worker reproduction. |
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Queen eggs
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Have hydrocrabons than prevent worker laying eggs.
Wasps will lay eggs in cells if queen does not |
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Indrect reciprocity/reputation
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Blood donors will show reputation of being a donor if given pin.
Good reputation-helped more |
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Ultimatium Game
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Humans give 50/50 even though it goes against economic model
Chimps will not reject any offer. Most chimps are selfish and follow economic model. |
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Adaptative Male Preferences
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Females with narrow wasit and large breasts-more fertility
Males with money have higher reproductive success. |
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Horomones in Males
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Masculinity is preferred in males and intermediates on faces.
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Male Market value
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Females prefer males than are 30-35, older, and have more money.
Males prefer females that are 10 years younger, no matter if rich or poor. |
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Dating
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Men and women dont care to have someone with high intelligence for dating or casual sex
Marriage-high intelligence |
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Sexual Conflict
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Males can tell if females are have an EPC. Females only are right 41% of the time.
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Coercive Sex-conditional sexual strategy
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male subordinates will try to increase fitness by raping women
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Bridewealth and dowries
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Bridewealth and males increases in polygmaous cultures.
Mongogamous not so important |
