Animal Behavior

Front 1

Proximate and Ultimate causes

Back 1

Proximate - mechanisms of behavior

Ultimate - evolutionary reason for behavior

Front 2

Discovered FAP

Back 2

Konrad Lorentz and Nikolaas Tinbergen

Front 3

FAP

Back 3

Fixed Action Pattern- stimulus always elicits a response (unlearned)

Front 4

Red in FAP

Back 4

Red is rare in environment, often elicits territorial response

Front 5

Rat baby behavior

Back 5

Nurtured baby rats grow into nurturing mothers, unnurtured baby rats grow into unnurturing mothers

Front 6

7 types of learning

Back 6

Habituation - loss of response after repeat exposure

Imprinting - irreversible learning only possible during a sensitive time period

Spatial Learning - use of landmarks to learn spatial environment structure

Cognitive Mapping - coded version of map for spatial learning

Associative Learning - learning that links stimulus to a reward

Social Learning - learning by mimicking others

Problem Solving - inventing new ways to deal with problems

Front 7

Imprinting discoverer

Back 7

Konrad Lorentz

Front 8

Kinesis vs Taxis

Back 8

Kinesis- random movement in response to stimulus

Taxis - directing movement in response to stimulus

Front 9

Wrote about peppered moths

Back 9

H B D Kettlewell

Front 10

Tungara frog calls

Back 10

Have a complex call that is simplified when bats are present to reduce predation rates at cost of mate attraction

Front 11

Fish vocalization method

Back 11

Drumming muscle on swim bladder

Front 12

Frog vocalization method

Back 12

Inflation of buccal sac

Front 13

Bird song learning periods

Back 13

Acquisition - hear song as egg and juvenile

Subsong - random noisemaking

Plastic song - basic song structure has formed but still crude

Crystallized song - song structure is well defined

Front 14

Creationism

Back 14

Biological differences originated during biblical creation

Front 15

Catastrophism

Back 15

Creationism that describes presence of fossils as result of divinely authored disasters

Front 16

Uniformitarianism

Back 16

Natural processes that occurred in the past are the same as those that can be observed in present day

Front 17

Adaptation

Back 17

Change in structure or functioning of organism that makes it better suited to its environment

Front 18

Acclimatization

Back 18

Physiological change within an individual to adjust to environmental changes

Front 19

Bergmann's rule

Back 19

Body mass greater at higher latitudes with colder temperatures

Front 20

Allen's rule

Back 20

Limbs of animals in colder environments are shorter than those in warmer environments

Front 21

Gloger's rule

Back 21

Individuals of a species with more skin pigmentation are typically in more humid environments

Front 22

Homology vs analogy vs homoplasy

Back 22

Homology - common evolutionary origin for structure (may or may not be analogous)

Analogy - common function for structure (may or may not be homologous)

Homoplasy - visually similar structure (may or may not be homologous/analogous)

Front 23

Convergence vs reversal

Back 23

Convergence - different lineages evolve similar derived adaptations

Reversal - mutation of a derived character that reverts it to the ancestral form

Front 24

Cephalization

Back 24

Collecting of interneurons in specific region of body (typically head) to optimize sensory input to motor output pathway

Front 25

Somatic vs autonomic nervous system

Back 25

Somatic - controllable, acetylcholine causes contractions of skeletal muscles, relaxing automatic

Autonomic - uncontrollable, uses 2 systems: sympathetic uses norepinephrine to contract smooth and cardiac muscles, parasympathetic uses acetylcholine to relax