Animal Behavior

Front 1

Particle movement Detector ear

Back 1

Frequency sensitive-most sensitive when perpendicular to sounds
Activated by movement of particles

Front 2

Particle Gradient Ear

Back 2

open ended tube with thin membrane at one end
highly directional deaf when perpendicular to sounds stimulated when parallel limited to the length of tube

Front 3

Pressure difference detectors

Back 3

Sealed chambers with membraines
Works well in any direction
membrane bows in at high pressure and bows out in low

Front 4

Cochlea

Back 4

contains the basilar membrane that exites hair and detects high or low frequnecies

Front 5

Direction of sounds

Back 5

determined by comparison of intensity at the ears
arrival times
the sounds is undetectable if the wave length is the length of the head

Front 6

ventriloqual

Back 6

alarm calls very hard to locate drownout with slurred ends not repeated -birds

Front 7

directional calls

Back 7

mobbing calls, broad frequency ranges, repeaded with sharply defined ends

Front 8

vertebrate retina

Back 8

sensory cells rodds and cones and neves bipolar cells, amacrine and horixontal cells, ganglion cells

Front 9

biplar cells

Back 9

connect sensors to ganglion cells

Front 10

amacrine and horizontal cells

Back 10

modify bipolar imput

Front 11

ganglion cells

Back 11

first level of sensory integration, communicates with brain

Front 12

Frogs retina

Back 12

a great deal of featur detection goes on in frog's retina consistent with sm cerebrum

Front 13

Edge detection

Back 13

1.interaction between bipolar and horizontal cells
2. bipolar cells pas treinal excitation to ganglion cells
3. horixontal cells inhibit neighbor bipolars (laterl inhibition)
4. Edges accentuated

Front 14

retinal Feilds

Back 14

the are circular and have a center surround organization
1 light is excitatory in center
2 inhibitory in surround

Front 15

habituation

Back 15

the adaption of the central nervous system to stimulus

Front 16

Lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN)

Back 16

1.circular fields with center-surround org, larger than ganglion cell fields with sharper contrast

Front 17

Simple featur detectors in layer 4, 6, 3

Back 17

retinal fields are larger than LGN, fields of different cells can vary in size
bar shaped center currounds

Front 18

Complex cells

Back 18

vary in size
1.moveing-edge detectors
2.moving-bar detectors
3.speed and angle specific

Front 19

hypercomplex cells

Back 19

binocular
color integration

Front 20

spatial organiation of brain

Back 20

visual cortex is arranged in layers

Front 21

Blocks of simple cells are organized

Back 21

columns-of same orientation simple bar cells

rows-column with smooth progression of bar oreintation preference
alternating left right eye dominance

Front 22

Rohopsin

Back 22

a typical receptor pigment

Front 23

opsins

Back 23

tramsmembrain protiens, preferentially absorb light of different wavelengths

Front 24

retina

Back 24

layer of light sensitive cells and associated nerves in the eye

Front 25

cones

Back 25

1.one cone one pigment
2. clustered in fovea of mammels

Front 26

eye spots

Back 26

1. just patches of light sensitive cells
2.detect intensity (color)
3.with stigma they can detect direction (which side the light is on

Front 27

Eye pits

Back 27

1.intensity
2. direction (by shadow effect)

Front 28

pinhole eyes

Back 28

1.always in focus
2.poor illumination
3. blurred from diffraction

Front 29

lens (camera) eye

Back 29

1.cephalopods and vertebrates
2. the lens permits the focusing of any image
3.lg pupil means good illumination
4.near= sphere, far=flat for lens

Front 30

Compound eye

Back 30

ommatidium, lens and cones

Front 31

ommatidia advantage

Back 31

each one is a focusing pipe for light
2.the pipe is formed from the pigment cells which line the ommatidium
3.the longer the pipe the greater the directionality but the less illumination

Front 32

ommatidiea disadvantige

Back 32

1.each on is a single receptor and sees a spot
2.resolution of entire eye depends on the number of receptors

Front 33

compound eye advantage

Back 33

1.high flicker fusion rate,
compact and light good for small animals

Front 34

nerve cell body

Back 34

soma

Front 35

dentrites

Back 35

recieve signals from other neurons

Front 36

axon

Back 36

condusts action potentials

Front 37

synaptic boutons

Back 37

transmit signals to other neurons to effector tissues

Front 38

synapse

Back 38

the space between the axon of one neuton and the dentrite of another

Front 39

Resting Potential

Back 39

2.ungates k+ channels permit k+ to diffuse in
3.na+ is higher outside neuron because is can't diffuse into neuron and na+ is pumped out

Front 40

Action potential

Back 40

depolarization
1.Na+ leaks into the cell
3.at threshold voltage channels open
4.na+enters and wave of depolariztion passes bothe ways along the neuron

Front 41

Termination of AP

Back 41

repolariztion
1.outflux of K+ and an end of NA+ in flux
2.K+ flows out through voltage sensitive gate3s the open rapidly

Front 42

Special comments on AP

Back 42

1.they are discrete clear gap between them
2.Ap is an all or none event
3.it is a positive feedback loop (na+ inrush promotes more Na+inrush) embedded in a negative feedback loop (slow Na+ gates close

Front 43

electric synapses

Back 43

tight junctions,electrical and very fast

Front 44

Chemical synapses

Back 44

signals transmitted via chemical neurotransmitters secretec at axonal side, slow

Front 45

EPSP

Back 45

excitatory post synaptic potenial

Front 46

IPSP

Back 46

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Front 47

democracy of the nervous system

Back 47

any act requires integration of a variety of input both excitator and inhibitory

Front 48

Direct gated

Back 48

the channel combines the chores of neurotransmitter binding and eliciting a response

Front 49

Indirect

Back 49

different macromolecules to di8fferent chores,neuro transmitter binds with receptor molecule, activates GTP protein, activates adenyl cylas

Front 50

why Indirect gaing?

Back 50

the receptor signal can be generalized across a variety of respnses

Front 51

Tonic response

Back 51

level of activit proportional to stimulus intestsity through out stimulation

Front 52

phasic response

Back 52

initial excitation de3clines to base level even though stimulus unchanged , senesory filtering

Front 53

characteristics of reflexes

Back 53

1.unimodal output in response to unimodal input
2 non feed back from efrfector
3.can be performed with out CNS

Front 54

Summation of stimuli

Back 54

the dot scratch harder if you scrtch it in 2 places than in one graded response

Front 55

warm up

Back 55

response to repeated subthreshold stimuli temporal summation

Front 56

after discharge

Back 56

response continues after end of excitation depends on strength of citation

Front 57

relex arc

Back 57

1.sensory neuron
2.interneuron
3.motor neuron
excitation of the `primary' interneuron simultaneously drives
i. excitation of the appropriate motor neurons
ii. excitation of an inhibitory interneuron innervating the motor neurons of the contralateral reflex arc
iii. excitation of an inhibitory interneuron innervating the motor neurons of the ipsilateral opposing reflex

Front 58

inhibitory rebounds

Back 58

inhibited opposing unit rebounds spontaneoulsly after the release of inhibition

Front 59

Command neuron

Back 59

Sufficent to cause relex, the only commander coorindates broad scale input and out put

Front 60

Alternating contalateral reflexes

Back 60

oscillation is generated from this each reflex is the stimulus for the other

Front 61

reafference model

Back 61

the cyclic reflex model-each action provides an afferent stimulus cueing the antagonist action

Front 62

Central oscillator Model

Back 62

it is independent of the afferent model no input from the central nervous system required.

Front 63

heterogenous summation

Back 63

add up response to each stimuli to get the reaction of animal to both stimuli