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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behavior |
what an animal does and how it does it as a result of genetic and environmental factors. essential for survival and reproduction subject to natural selection |
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Ethology |
the study of animal behavior Two types: proximate and ultimate |
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Proximate causation |
"how" questions effects of heredity, genetic-environment interactions, and sensory- motor mechanisms |
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Ultimate causation |
"why" questions origin of behavior, changes over time, utility of behavior (reproductive success) |
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Who are the three ethologists who share a Nobel Prize for their work in 1973? |
Niko Tinbergen Karl vonFrisch Konard Lorenz |
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Fixed action patterns (FAP) |
a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus unchangable Example: territorial Response of male stickleback fish (Tinbergen's work) |
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sign stimulus |
trigger for the behavior is an external cue example: red object for stickleback |
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circadian clock |
an internal mechanism that maintains a 24 hour activity, rhythm, or cycle |
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Circadian rhythms |
behavioral rhythm linked to the yearly cycle of seasons migration, reproduction, example: Fiddler crabs and the moon cycle |
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Navigational strategies used by birds |
magnetic field magnet in brain photoreceptors |
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Magnet in brain |
pigeons sense position relative to Earth's magnetic field heads of birds have magnetite Earth's pull triggers transmissions of nerve impulses to the brain |
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Photoreceptors |
animals are guided by effects of earth's magnetic field on the photo receptors in the eyes |
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Drosophila melanogaster communication |
male sees female
male smells females chemical male taps female with limb chemicals on female abdomen are transferred to male male vibrates wings |
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European Honeybees communication |
round dance if food is close waggle dance if food is far |
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Pheromones of fish |
when injured, pheromones are releases to signal to other fish to act frighten they pack tightly and swim towards the bottom |
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Waggle dance |
when food is distant orientation - relative to the sun distance of waggle straight part - amount of energy needed to get there |
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pheromones |
chemical substance that are emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the same species examples: courtship, maintain complex social order, alarm signals |
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innate behaviors |
developmentally fixed unlearned beahviors examples: fixed action, stimulus-response, and pheromone |
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Learned behaviors |
the modification of behavior based on specific experiences examples: spatial, cognitive, associative, problem solving, social |
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imprinting |
formation of a specific stage in life of a longstanding behavioral response to a particular individual or object both learned and innate components of learning |
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Sensitive period |
a limited developmental period when this type of learning can occur |
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Describe konrad Lorenz's work |
Found the imprinting stimulus must be a nearby object that is moving away Graylag goose imprinted on Lorenz. They showed no recognition of their biological mother or other adults of their own species |
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Why couldn't the whooping cranes return to the wild? |
Whooping cranes is not form a string pair bond to a whooping crane mate because they were raised by Sandhills cranes |
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Spatial learning |
The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure An organisms fitness maybe enhanced by capacity for spatial learning. Ex: digger wasp and nests Clark's nutcracker seed caches at halfway |
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Associative learning |
The ability to associate one environmental feature with another |
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Two kinds of associative learning |
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning |
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Classical conditioning |
An arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome Ex: Ivan Pavlov's work Bell food saliva |
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Operant conditioning |
Trial and error Animal first learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeats or avoid the behavior Ex: skinner with rat and food lever |
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Cognition |
Cognition the process of knowing that involved awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment Ex: honeybees, chimps, Ravens |
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Honeybees knowing the difference between same and different is an example of |
Cognition |
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Chimpanzees using boxes to get bananas is an example of |
Cognition |
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Corvids (Ravens) using methods to to get hanging food from and branch with a string is an example of |
Cognition |
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Learned behaviors of white crowned sparrow |
First 50 days - sparrow gears song and memorized it Juvenile - sparrow sings "subsong" until it matches others Adult- song crystalizes |
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Foraging behavior |
Food obtaining behavior Any activities an animal used to search for, recognizes, and captures food items |
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Optimal foraging theory |
Natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits |
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Examples of optimal foraging theory |
Northwestern crows- drop snails from high heights to break shells Mule deer - eats in less abundant food supply to avoid predators Drosophila- abundance of foraging distance gene is related to population density |
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Promiscuity |
No strong pair bonds |
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Monogamy |
1 male. 1 female No sexual dimorphism |
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Polygamy |
1 individual of one sex mates with several of the other *sexual dimorphism |
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Polygyny |
1 male/ multiple females *sexual dimorphism |
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Polyandry |
1 female/ multiple males *sexual dimorphism |
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Two factors that determine mating systems |
Caring of the young Certainty of paternity |
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Sexual selection |
A form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success amount individuals are a consequence of difference in mating success |
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Intersection selection |
Members of one sex chooses mates on the characteristics of other sex *between two sexes Ex: courtship songs |
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Intersection selection |
Members of one sex chooses mates on the characteristics of other sex *between two sexes Ex: courtship songs |
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Intrasexual selection |
Competition between members of one sex for mates *between same sex |
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Agonistic behavior |
An often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gain access to a resource, such as food or mates |
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Kinesis |
a simple change in activity in response to a stimulus Ex: pillbugs toward moist habitat |
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taxis |
a automatic movement towards or away from a stimulus |
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Migration |
a complex behavior seem in a wide variety of animals navigation may be detection of the earth;s magnetic field or visual cues |
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Signal |
a behavior that causes a change in the behavior of another individual and is the basis for animal communication Ex: pheromones, visual, auditory, tacile |
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Learning |
the modification of behavior based on specific experiences |
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Twin studies |
(in humans) indicate that both environment and genetics contribute to significantly to behaviors |
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Courtship in fruit flies |
controlled by a single gene 51.1 |
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What are the two factors that contribute to behavior |
Genetics and environment "Nature and nurture" |
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Fruit flies and the fru gene |
Male mutants(no gene) -do not court/mate Female mutants (with male gene) -court other females |
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Altruism |
A behavior that reduces an animals individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population Ex: ground squirrels ( noise) Honeybees sting-die Naked mole rats |
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What is the advantage to altruistic behavior |
Inclusive fitness Maximizes genetic representation in population |
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Inclusive fitness |
The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables of close relatives (who share many of the same genes) to produce offspring |
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Hamilitons rule |
rB > C R- coefficient of relatedness B- benefit - average number of extra offspring that benefits C- cost- how many fewer offspring the altruist produces |
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Kin selection |
Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives |
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Reciprocal altruism |
When aided individual returns the favor in the future Typically in social animals Ex: grooming in primates Tit for tat strategy |
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Stimulus response chain |
The response to each stimulus is itself the stimulus for the next behavior. Ex: communication of fruit flies |
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Pheromones of bees |
Maintains order Attracts workers Inhibits ovaries Attracts males during mating flights |
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Male silkworms |
Pheromones Female attracts males from several km away. It also triggers courtship behaviors |
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Nocturnal animals |
Use North Star for navigation Mainly communicates with auditory and smell |
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Diurnal |
Visual and auditory signals May migrate based on photoreceptors |
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California mice and white footed mice |
California mice-aggressive. Extensive paternal care White footed- less aggressive. Little paternal care. Cross studies showed paternal behavior extends to subsequent generations |
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Vervet monkeys |
Social learning Distinct alarm sounds based on predators Infants learn them by receiving social confirmation |
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Fruit fly foraging |
Abundance of foraging distance gene is related to population density Optimal foraging model |
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Northwestern Crow |
Drop snails from high heights to break snails Optimal foraging model |
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Mule deer |
Optimal foraging behavior Eats in less abundant food supply to avoid predators |
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Stalk-eyed flies |
Mate choice female choose male with longest eyes because they are healthier and more viable therefore more likely to produce more offspring that survive to reproduce |
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Zebra finches |
Mate choice female finches apparently takes cues from fathers in choosing mates |
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guppy Poecilia reticulate |
mate choice copying /social learning females copy the preference of the model female mate choice copying can mask genetically controlled female preference below a certain threshold because it increases probability that their male offspring will have higher reproductive success |
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Male Eastern Grey Kangaroo |
Agonistic behavior male competition for mates boxing |
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Side-blotched lizard |
Game theory/frequency dependent selection orange = aggressive in large territories with many females blue = small territories and fewer females yellow= sneaky tactics |
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Male meadow voles v. male prairie voles |
Genetic basis of behavior Male meadow voles - little care and no bond male prairie voles - strong pair bond and extensive care result of ADH or vasopressin male prairie voles have highly expressed vasopressin receptor genes |
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Western gulls |
Mating system= monogamous therefore no sexual dimorphism |
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Wilson's phalaropes |
Mating system= polyandry sexual dimorphism females are more ornamented |
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Elk |
Mating system= polygynous sexual dimorphism males are more ornamented |
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Fiddler crab |
claw = weapon and attracts females timing of moon cycle affects mating and |
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Who did what? tinbergen vonFrish Lorenz |
tinbergen = stickle back fish and digger wasp von Frish = honeybees Lorenz = imprinting |
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tinbergen's four questions |
1. what stimulus elicits behavior 2. how does animals experience influence response 3. how does behavior aid survival and reproduction 4. what is behavior's elocutionary history |
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Sociobiology |
Certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been preserved by natural selection |