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85 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Behavior

what an animal does and how it does it as a result of genetic and environmental factors.


essential for survival and reproduction


subject to natural selection

Ethology

the study of animal behavior


Two types: proximate and ultimate

Proximate causation

"how" questions


effects of heredity, genetic-environment interactions, and sensory- motor mechanisms





Ultimate causation

"why" questions


origin of behavior, changes over time, utility of behavior (reproductive success)



Who are the three ethologists who share a Nobel Prize for their work in 1973?

Niko Tinbergen


Karl vonFrisch


Konard Lorenz

Fixed action patterns (FAP)

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus unchangable


Example: territorial Response of male stickleback fish (Tinbergen's work)



sign stimulus

trigger for the behavior is an external cue


example: red object for stickleback

circadian clock

an internal mechanism that maintains a 24 hour activity, rhythm, or cycle

Circadian rhythms

behavioral rhythm linked to the yearly cycle of seasons


migration, reproduction,


example: Fiddler crabs and the moon cycle

Navigational strategies used by birds

magnetic field


magnet in brain


photoreceptors

Magnet in brain

pigeons sense position relative to Earth's magnetic field


heads of birds have magnetite


Earth's pull triggers transmissions of nerve impulses to the brain

Photoreceptors

animals are guided by effects of earth's magnetic field on the photo receptors in the eyes

Drosophila melanogaster communication

male sees female

male smells females chemical


male taps female with limb


chemicals on female abdomen are transferred to male


male vibrates wings





European Honeybees communication

round dance if food is close


waggle dance if food is far

Pheromones of fish

when injured, pheromones are releases to signal to other fish to act frighten


they pack tightly and swim towards the bottom

Waggle dance

when food is distant


orientation - relative to the sun


distance of waggle straight part - amount of energy needed to get there

pheromones

chemical substance that are emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the same species


examples: courtship, maintain complex social order, alarm signals

innate behaviors

developmentally fixed


unlearned beahviors


examples:


fixed action, stimulus-response, and pheromone



Learned behaviors

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences


examples: spatial, cognitive, associative, problem solving, social

imprinting

formation of a specific stage in life of a longstanding behavioral response to a particular individual or object


both learned and innate components of learning

Sensitive period

a limited developmental period when this type of learning can occur

Describe konrad Lorenz's work

Found the imprinting stimulus must be a nearby object that is moving away


Graylag goose imprinted on Lorenz. They showed no recognition of their biological mother or other adults of their own species

Why couldn't the whooping cranes return to the wild?

Whooping cranes is not form a string pair bond to a whooping crane mate because they were raised by Sandhills cranes

Spatial learning

The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure


An organisms fitness maybe enhanced by capacity for spatial learning.


Ex: digger wasp and nests


Clark's nutcracker seed caches at halfway

Associative learning

The ability to associate one environmental feature with another

Two kinds of associative learning

Classical conditioning


Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

An arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome


Ex: Ivan Pavlov's work


Bell food saliva

Operant conditioning

Trial and error


Animal first learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeats or avoid the behavior


Ex: skinner with rat and food lever

Cognition

Cognition the process of knowing that involved awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment


Ex: honeybees, chimps, Ravens

Honeybees knowing the difference between same and different is an example of

Cognition

Chimpanzees using boxes to get bananas is an example of

Cognition

Corvids (Ravens) using methods to to get hanging food from and branch with a string is an example of

Cognition

Learned behaviors of white crowned sparrow

First 50 days - sparrow gears song and memorized it


Juvenile - sparrow sings "subsong" until it matches others


Adult- song crystalizes

Foraging behavior

Food obtaining behavior


Any activities an animal used to search for, recognizes, and captures food items

Optimal foraging theory

Natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefits

Examples of optimal foraging theory

Northwestern crows- drop snails from high heights to break shells


Mule deer - eats in less abundant food supply to avoid predators


Drosophila- abundance of foraging distance gene is related to population density

Promiscuity

No strong pair bonds

Monogamy

1 male. 1 female


No sexual dimorphism

Polygamy

1 individual of one sex mates with several of the other


*sexual dimorphism

Polygyny

1 male/ multiple females


*sexual dimorphism

Polyandry

1 female/ multiple males


*sexual dimorphism

Two factors that determine mating systems

Caring of the young


Certainty of paternity

Sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success amount individuals are a consequence of difference in mating success

Intersection selection

Members of one sex chooses mates on the characteristics of other sex


*between two sexes


Ex: courtship songs

Intersection selection

Members of one sex chooses mates on the characteristics of other sex


*between two sexes


Ex: courtship songs

Intrasexual selection

Competition between members of one sex for mates


*between same sex

Agonistic behavior

An often ritualized contest that determines which competitor gain access to a resource, such as food or mates

Kinesis

a simple change in activity in response to a stimulus


Ex: pillbugs toward moist habitat

taxis

a automatic movement towards or away from a stimulus

Migration

a complex behavior seem in a wide variety of animals


navigation may be detection of the earth;s magnetic field or visual cues

Signal

a behavior that causes a change in the behavior of another individual and is the basis for animal communication


Ex: pheromones, visual, auditory, tacile

Learning

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Twin studies

(in humans) indicate that both environment and genetics contribute to significantly to behaviors

Courtship in fruit flies

controlled by a single gene


51.1

What are the two factors that contribute to behavior

Genetics and environment


"Nature and nurture"

Fruit flies and the fru gene

Male mutants(no gene) -do not court/mate


Female mutants (with male gene) -court other females

Altruism

A behavior that reduces an animals individual fitness but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population


Ex: ground squirrels ( noise)


Honeybees sting-die


Naked mole rats

What is the advantage to altruistic behavior

Inclusive fitness


Maximizes genetic representation in population

Inclusive fitness

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables of close relatives (who share many of the same genes) to produce offspring

Hamilitons rule

rB > C


R- coefficient of relatedness


B- benefit - average number of extra offspring that benefits


C- cost- how many fewer offspring the altruist produces

Kin selection

Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

Reciprocal altruism

When aided individual returns the favor in the future


Typically in social animals


Ex: grooming in primates


Tit for tat strategy

Stimulus response chain

The response to each stimulus is itself the stimulus for the next behavior.


Ex: communication of fruit flies

Pheromones of bees

Maintains order


Attracts workers


Inhibits ovaries


Attracts males during mating flights

Male silkworms

Pheromones


Female attracts males from several km away. It also triggers courtship behaviors

Nocturnal animals

Use North Star for navigation


Mainly communicates with auditory and smell

Diurnal

Visual and auditory signals


May migrate based on photoreceptors

California mice and white footed mice

California mice-aggressive. Extensive paternal care


White footed- less aggressive. Little paternal care.


Cross studies showed paternal behavior extends to subsequent generations

Vervet monkeys

Social learning


Distinct alarm sounds based on predators


Infants learn them by receiving social confirmation

Fruit fly foraging

Abundance of foraging distance gene is related to population density


Optimal foraging model

Northwestern Crow

Drop snails from high heights to break snails


Optimal foraging model

Mule deer

Optimal foraging behavior


Eats in less abundant food supply to avoid predators

Stalk-eyed flies

Mate choice


female choose male with longest eyes because they are healthier and more viable


therefore more likely to produce more offspring that survive to reproduce

Zebra finches

Mate choice


female finches apparently takes cues from fathers in choosing mates

guppy Poecilia reticulate

mate choice copying /social learning


females copy the preference of the model female


mate choice copying can mask genetically controlled female preference below a certain threshold


because it increases probability that their male offspring will have higher reproductive success

Male Eastern Grey Kangaroo

Agonistic behavior


male competition for mates


boxing

Side-blotched lizard




Game theory/frequency dependent selection


orange = aggressive in large territories with many females


blue = small territories and fewer females


yellow= sneaky tactics

Male meadow voles v. male prairie voles

Genetic basis of behavior


Male meadow voles - little care and no bond


male prairie voles - strong pair bond and extensive care


result of ADH or vasopressin


male prairie voles have highly expressed vasopressin receptor genes

Western gulls

Mating system= monogamous


therefore no sexual dimorphism

Wilson's phalaropes

Mating system= polyandry


sexual dimorphism


females are more ornamented

Elk

Mating system= polygynous


sexual dimorphism


males are more ornamented

Fiddler crab

claw = weapon and attracts females


timing of moon cycle affects mating and

Who did what?


tinbergen


vonFrish


Lorenz

tinbergen = stickle back fish and digger wasp


von Frish = honeybees


Lorenz = imprinting

tinbergen's four questions

1. what stimulus elicits behavior


2. how does animals experience influence response


3. how does behavior aid survival and reproduction


4. what is behavior's elocutionary history

Sociobiology

Certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been preserved by natural selection