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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pros/Cons of group living
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CONS: Conspicuousness, Disease/parasites, food competition, bad to be subordinate, being cuckolded, reproductive interference (egg dumping)
PROS: Antipredator defense (dilution/mutualism), assistance with pathogens (grooming), Information center effect (improved foraging), Being cuckolder, opportunity to interfere |
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Types of relationships
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Mutualism
reciprocity altruism selfish behavior spiteful behavior |
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Examples of cooperation (mutualism) - immediate, direct benefits to helps
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Mobbing
Male lions take over pride - team up to take over current dominant lion Wild dogs hunting - get much larger prey by cooperating in groups |
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Postponed cooperation - NOT altruism - examples
benefit to helper only realized later |
Wasps- foundress and subordinate females which don't reproduce but help out and get nest if foundress dies
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Reciprocity - delayed cooperation - not costly. Examples
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Experimental evidence in monkeys (helps out if helped)
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Explanations for altruism
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reciprocity is RARE, so KIN SELECTION is best explanation - remember Hamilton's rule
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What is the ESS? What about with repeated interactions?
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Rat, *** for tat
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Group living and reproduction
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Creates potential for both competition and cooperation.
Reproductive competition is very acute. Highly monopolizable, zero-sum game, often huge skew btw dominant and subordinate # of offspring |
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Cooperative breeding
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Helpers (subordinates) forgo/delay breeding. Assist with raising young of others (usually relatives - inclusive fitness).
Ecological factors - common in tropical birds where Territories are FULL. High costs of dispersal can lead to extreme cooperation - eusociality. |
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Eusociality
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Must have castes - animals obligated to fill different roles in a division of labor. Some individuals are sterile - complete altruists.
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Name some eusocial animals
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Insects: termites, ants, bees, wasps, aphids
Mammals: mole rats |
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Haplodiploidy
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Some members of species are haploid (single copy of genome) and some are diploid.
Females develop from fertilized eggs. Male devels from unfertilized - have NO FATHER. When male forms gametes, there's no meiosis. Males cannot have sons. |
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relatedness in haplodiploidy species
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in diploid species, it would be .25 from each parent.
in haplodiploid, .5 from dad, .25 from mom. STUDY SLIDE 41 |
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Possible reason for eusociality
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High relatedness (but only among sisters - .75, not brothers - .25). This favors eusociality but there are other factors:
Social factor - monogamy exological - females need help to breed - large fortress can't be made alone High cost of dispersal |
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Haplodiploidy and eusociality
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not interchangeable! Not all eusocial are haplodiploid, not all haplodiploid are eusocial.
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