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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tinbergen 4 Q's
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immediate stimuli
development survival function phylogeny proximate - immediate causation (How? What?) - factors operate within lifespan (here & now) ultimate - forces that have shaped a trait over evolutionary time (Why?) - |
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Hill - Finch studies
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diff plumage coloration in finches
within & between population comparisons & controlled feeding experiments red color in males due to intake of carotenoids ingested by the birds - proximate - development diff due to males food eaten as they matured - diffs function of carotenoid-base food availability - diffs bet M & F - M forage for carotenoid-based foods, F are indiff bcuz no sig benefit for having bright plumage ultimate - bright red M get a mate more likely than lighter -bright red - more resistant to pathogens .: offspring better able to fight off disease -F prefer Redder M - more paternal care (feeding offspring more) - reder M - better foragers .: produce fitter offspring |
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Proximate Factors that Effect Behavior
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- hormones
- neurobiology - molecular genetics - development |
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endocrine system
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- influences animal behavior
- group of ductless glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream or fluid surrounding tissue -hormones are molecular messagers that target cells - affects growth, metabolism, rxns to stress. aggression & reproduction, production/secretion of other hormones - hormone only affects cell w receptor (target cells) - lock & key. HR complex -> affect expression of genes & protein synthesis hormones affect input (sensory systems), central processor (CNS) & output (effectors) Hormones : - modify ongoing behavior - trigger onset of a behavior -prime animals to be more/,ess likely to behave a certain way (T primes aggressive behav, more likely to win fight) - affects organization of behv systems (mice fetuses) |
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neurohormones
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released in blood via neurons
- secreted directly into bloodstream i.e octopamine - role in changes in foraging behavior in animals - honeybees |
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testosterone in birds
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testosterone increases as day length increases
-binds receptors in brain - associated w mating and parental care behaviors (changes response to enviromental stimuli) - more aggressive to gain F, guard mates, build nests, defend brood |
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Mice fetuses
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hormones affect organization of behavior (effects on early development)
inutero exposure to Testosterone effects individual's behavior after birth M fetus surround by F fetuses - exposed to less Testosterone - when M mature, less aggressive and less sexually active |
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Flight or Fight
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Exposed to stressor
hypothalamus intitates response adrenal glands secrete E & Ne > increase blood sugar and oxygen to vital organs & skeletal muscles , nonessentail systems (digestive) shut down CRH, GHRH, TRH secreted by hypothalamus -CRH > anterior pituitary releases ACTH - stimulates adrenal gland to secrete cortisol > increase sugar, aldosterone, retain water |
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Mongolian gerbils
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mating and parental care influences by in utero T
- M huddle over young & groom them -2M have higher T than 2F -2M mounted females more quickly & ejaculated sooner & sired more offspring, less parental care , more time looking for mates -castrated M spent more time caring for pups |
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Stress & spatial memories
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high glucocorticoid hormones, stress hormones - interfere w spatial memory skills
corticosterone in rats in water maze impair rats ability to find platform -rats recieved shock before placed in water - shocks administered 2 mins before or four hours before trial did not impede spatial memory 30 mins before did - hormone effects 30mins after stress induced and then dissapate - inhibiting production of corticosterone, metyrapone |
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axon
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neuron fibers that transmit electrical info fr one cell to another
thicker the diameter of axon, faster the impulse travels, affects speed animals respond behaviorally |
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threshold
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amount of change in the voltage across a neuron's membrane
stimuli that dont meet this threshold fail to cause nerve cell to fire stimuli above threshold always cause neuron to fire |
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gauge strength of stimulus
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- number of times neuron fires
- number of neurons that fire in response to stimulus |
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NS trends
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nerve cells that served specific functions became clustered
over evolutionary time, NS became centralized, longitudinal nerve cord - impulses travel, and front end became brain |
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Voles
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M meadow voles - polygamous w large home range
M have superior spatial learning abilities - larger hippocampus than F -M have more dendritic spines in frontal&parietal cortex > greater interconnectedness >improved learning ability (neural plasticity) Prarie voles - monogamous. equal home range as F - no diff in spatial learning bet M & F |
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neural plasticity
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ability of neurons to undergo change as a function of experience
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plainfin midshipman finsh
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type 1 - build nests, 4x larger, big gonads, produce sounds: short duration grunts in aggressive contests, long hums with courting F (have larger sonic muscles)
type 2- small, small gonads, do not build nests, lurk near type 1 nests to fertilize F, occasionally grunt, do not hum pacemaker neurons hormone arginine vasotocin (AVT) inhibits acitivity in neurobiological circuitry in sound production of type 1 M, but not type 2 hormone isotocin (IT) inhibits neurobiological circuitry of sound production in type 2, but not type 1 M |
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Mallard Ducks & sleep
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- sleeping - more prone to attack by predators
-sleep w one eye open( half brain asleep, half brain awake) one hemisphere of brain active in slow-eave sleep - allows quick response to predators but does not interfere w sleeping half of brain -at edge looking away from group |
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UV vision in birds
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- determined by retinal visual pigments
Zebra finches - single A.A change violet pigment > UV , pigeons do not, but mutated single AA > can see UV complex trait like UV vision - functions in mating, foraging, etc.. originate fr simple changes at the molecular level |
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gene expression
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expression of a gene as a result of enviro or behavioral triggers
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Song and birds
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FOXP2 gene is associated w song perception
expose zebra finches to birdsong , measure mRNA lvls in brain in neostriatrum of forebriain 0 song pattern recognition, song discrimination and process auditory cues mRNA of gene, zenk, increases after birds heard zebra finch songs & increased neuron numbers in neostriatum (zenk may be involved in neural plasticity critical to song learning) -exposed to another species' song - no mRNA increase of zenk - exposed to no song - no zenk increase -if played same song, decrease response |
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habituation
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decrease responses, return to baseline levels when exposed to same stimulus over and over
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Oldfield mouse
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developmental behavior, help mother rear younger siblings influence later parental success
inexperienced vs experienced F - both became better parents as they produced more broods over time - broods of experienced females (EF) had higher probabilty of survival - due to better nest-building behavior of mom |
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temperature and wasps
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temp that female larvae were exposed to during development would affect their ability to learn hoe to find suitable hosts to lay eggs in
enviro interacts w an animal's ability to learn - exposed to cold temp(4 deg) for 4 wks, 12 wks or at 24 deg. exposure to cold effects ability to discriminate against diff hosts & decreased number of eggs laid inside host -cold decreased speed F learnt to avoid parasitizedhosts |
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Honeybee
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mushroom bodies - cluster of small neurons at front of their brain - larger in size in foragers
- foraging causes increase in mushroom bodies size - neural plasticity "orientation flight" hover around nest before leaving - orients foragers to relative position of their nest in the enviro - increased per mRNA levls in older individuals that forage than younger bees that remain in hive - due to foraging - precocious foragers (younger than normal) had per mRNA lvls ~ older foragers -foragers more sensitive to sucrose than bees who eat in hive - increased mvl mRNA in pollen foragers - mvl increase manganese in brain - JH (juvenile hormone) - remove corpus allatum - gland that produces JH increased JH cause increase foraging behavior octopamine increase foraging behavior |
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mushroom bodies
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cluster of small neurons located at front of brain associated w spatial navigation
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Damnselfly
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learnt to associate scent of any potential prey w danger > reduced foraging when encountered scent of pike
pike w damselfly/minnow > chemical scent > danger pike w mealworm > no danger pike w damselfly > pike w minnow > pike w mealworm - sense danger |
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individual learning
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relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience
individual learning differs fr social learning in that is does not involve learning from others |
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phenotype
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observable characteristics of an organism
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phenotypic plasticity
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ability of an organism to produce diff phenotypes depending on enviro conditions
result of enviro changes - not always involving learning |
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3 types of experience that leads to learning
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single-stimulus
stimulus-stimulus response-reinforcer |
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sensitization
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animals become more sensitive to a stimuli with time
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habituation
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animals become less likely to turn their heads
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Pavovian conditioning
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experimental pairing of a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
CS - stimulu that initially fails to elicit a particular response but comes to do so when it is associated w a 2nd US US -stimulus that elicits a vigorous response in the absene of training ie blue stick (CS) + car odor (US) = rat fear response CR- learned response to a CS |
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appetitive stimulus
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any stimulus that is considered positive, pleasant or rewarding
ie food, presence of potential mate, safe |
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aversive stimulus
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any stimuli that is unpleasant
ie shock, noxious odor |
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excitory conditioning
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positive relations
when a CS leads to an action |
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inhibitory conditioning
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CS suppressed or inhibit behavior
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2nd order conditioning
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adding a new stimuli to be present before CS1 (learned association CR already be learned by pairing US & CS1)
CS2 eventuall elicits CR blue stick > cat odor = fear response light > blue stick > car odor = fear response |
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3 types of learnability
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overshadowing
blocking latent inhibition |
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overshadowing
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sitation where the learned response to an UC1 is stronger when it is presented alone vs when it is paired with a 2nd US2
(CS1 & CS2 presented at same time, decreases response) |
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blocking
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when an association bet an US1 and a response presvent an individual from responding to another US2 or causes the individual to respond less to US2
learnt blue light > cat odor = fear response later...red light red light + blue stick > cat odor = less |
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latent inhibition
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more difficulty learning when CS is not paired w US for a long period of time when later try to c.c
blue stick > no cat odor blue stick > cat odor = less response |
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instrumental conditioning (operant/goal-directed learning)
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response made by animal is reinforced by reward or punishment
animal must undertake some action or response in order for the conditioning process to produce learning |
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law of effect
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Thornhike - cat escape puzzle box
if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, the association bet the stimulus and the response will be strengthened if the response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by an aversive event, the association will be weakened |
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operant response
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a learned action that an animal makes to change its enviro
ie skinner rats press lever to get food |
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Garcia rats
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examined link between enviro and learning
rats form association bet cues - type of drinking water exposed to before exposure to negative stimuli tasty water associated w illness ( x-ray and toxins) > rats avoid tasty water but not when noisy water was paired w illness |
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extinction curves
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graph representing weakening and ending of paired associations
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doves
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living in groups - learn foraging more quickly than individuals who are territorial
birds must pull on metal ring which opened a drawer containing food group-living doves learned task more quickly may be due to prior learning / foraging experience or natural selection on learning ability |
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antipredator behavior in sticklebacks
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personal experience vs natural selection on learning abilities
minimized experience diffs - similar enviro - fish diff in predation pressure - raised fish from predator-rich & predator-free streams in lab (thus population diffs due to natural sln on antipredator strategies how long to learn to avoid side of tank with fake predator - fish from high-predation learned task quicker |
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model of evolution of learning
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natural selection favors ability to learn, over genetic transmission of a fixed trait, when enviro changes often
assumptions - there is a cost to learning learning = ability to learn, is a trait - when enviro barely changes or always chamging - info best passed by genetic transmission enviromental predictability: - within lifetime of individual -between the envio of parents and offspring (bet generation) learning favored when predictability within lifetime of an individual is high but enviro predictability is low |
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what animals learn
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where home is located - salmon - odors of natal streams for migration
learn about mate - odor cues w mate familial - birds have similar curr calls as kin about aggression - pavolvian fish assosicated light w predator, increased aggression when see light, more likely to win fight |
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artificial selection
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selection in which man is the selective agent and chooses certain varieties of an organism over others for breeding
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natural slection
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variants of a trait that best suit an organism to its enviro & are heritable, increase in frequency over evolutionary time
behavioral traits that affect survival and reproductive success were passed down from parents to offspring requires variation, heritability and fitness differences |
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genetic variation
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variation caused by genetic differences
- mutation - any change in genetic structure creates new variation - genetic recombination - in sexually reproducing animals, pairs of chromosomes cross and swap positions with sections of the other chromosome randomly - migration - introduce new trait variants fr individuals coming from other populations |
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fitness
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lifetime reproductive success that is usually measured in relative terms
associated with what behavior the individual displays reproductive success - number of viable offspring an indiv produces |
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heritability
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measures of the proportion of variance in a trait attributable to genetic variance
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