Animal Behavior

Front 1

Sensory Neurons

Back 1

carry signals from a receptor organ at the periphery toward the central nervous system
In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord
In invertebrates, the brain and nerve cord

Front 2

Motor Neurons

Back 2

carry signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands

Front 3

Interneurons

Back 3

Connects neurons to each other

Front 4

Sensitization

Back 4

exposure to a noxious stimulus elicits a stronger behavior

Front 5

peripheral-control hypothesis

Back 5

each movement stimulates sensory receptors
Triggering the next movement in the sequence
Which stimulates other sensory receptors that trigger the first component

Front 6

central pattern generator

Back 6

a neuron or network of neurons generate patterned activity in motor neurons

Front 7

Horomones

Back 7

chemical substances secreted in one part of the body that cause changes in other parts of the body

Front 8

Nervous System

Back 8

Neural information is transmitted rapidly
short in duration and highly localized

Front 9

Endocrine System

Back 9

Hormonal transfer of information is more leisurely and persistent
Only cells with appropriate receptors (“target cells”) respond
The effects are more general and long lasting

Front 10

Peptide hormones

Back 10

chains of 3 to 300 amino acids
Water-soluble
Affect cells by binding to receptor molecules on the cell surface

Front 11

Steroid hormones

Back 11

secreted by the gonads and adrenal glands
Major classes: progestins, androgens, estrogens, and corticosteroids
Move easily into the cell’s interior (cytoplasm)

Front 12

Interventional studies(hormone)

Back 12

Researcher manipulates the hormones of the animal
Removes the endocrine gland
Followed by hormone replacement therapy

Front 13

Correlational Studies(hormone)

Back 13

Researchers look for changes in behavior that parallel fluctuations in hormone levels

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Organizational effects(hormone)

Back 14

organize neural pathways responsible for certain patterns of behavior
Occur early in life - just before or after birth

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Activational effects (Hormone)

Back 15

occur in adulthood and tend to be transient
Involve subtle changes in previously established connections

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Free-running rhythm

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a circadian period length under constant conditions
A Cycle of behavior continues in the absence of environmental cues

Front 17

Dilunar

Back 17

animals actvie during the day

Front 18

crepusclar

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animals are active primarily at dawn and dusk

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nonphotic cues

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(i.e. social interactions, feeding schedules, or temperature cycles)

Front 20

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

Back 20

a “master” biological clock

Front 21

Piloting

Back 21

getting around referencing local landmarks in the environment

Front 22

Compass orientation

Back 22

getting around by referencing celestial bodies and/or magnetic fields generated by the earth

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Path integration or dead reckoning

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(“memory”) integration of information obtained on the sequence of directions and distances traveled during the outbound journey

Front 24

True Navigation

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The ability to maintain or establish reference to a goal, regardless of its location, without use of landmarks

Front 25

Light-dependent magnetoreception

Back 25

specialized photoreceptors in the eye that respond magnetic conditions in a lit environment (“seeing” the magnetic field?)

Front 26

Magnetite

Back 26

a magnetic mineral in animals
It can twist to align with the earth’s magnetic field, stimulating a stretch receptor

Front 27

How do cockaroaches detect predators?

Back 27

They have cerci which have wind sensitive hairs

Front 28

The escape response of a noctuid moth

Back 28

noctuid moths have two ears which are tuned to the frequencies of the echolocation of bats within their vicinity, they have one receptor called a1 cell and it is 10 times more sensitive than the a2 cell. The a1 responds when the sound is soft and indicating that the bat is at a distance. The a2 responds to loud sounds coming from the bat
a1 cells act as an early warning
a2 cells act as an emergency that tells the moth to panic

Front 29

Prey localization by barn owls

Back 29

they have great nigh vision, but they also have deadly precision with just sound alone. They pinpoint the sound in both horizontal and vertical planes. They use the time differences of the arrival of sound in each ear to pinpoint the location. differences in intensity in the two ears determine the elevation of the sound source.

Front 30

facial ruff of barn owl

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helps them focus and amplify sound, makes ear more senistive to sound from different directions. The right ear is sensitive to high frequency sounds from above the head, and the left ear is sensitive to high frequency sounds below the head

Front 31

magnocellular nucleus (barn owl)

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recieves timing information which places sound on the horizontal plane

Front 32

angular nucleus (barn owl)

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recieves intensity information which places sound on the vertical plane

Front 33

map of auditory space (barn owl)

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formed in the mid brain, Where neurons respond to binaural differences, depending on the sound’s location, The resulting auditory space map is transmitted to the optic tectum
An area of the brain involved in localizing and orienting to visual information

Front 34

learning in sea slugs

Back 34

When a sea slug moves across the ocean bottom eating, its siphon is extended and its gills are spread out on the dorsal side
Touching the siphon causes the gills, siphon, and mantle shelf to withdraw into the mantle cavity
Protecting the gills from predators. The gill-withdrawal response can be modified by experience through learning

Front 35

long term potentiation

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repeated stimuli, which strengthens the connections between the adjacent neurons

Front 36

long term depression

Back 36

weakens the effectiveness of a synapes, decreasing the magnitude of a response by the postsynaptic cell.

Front 37

neurogenesis

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birth of new neurons

Front 38

synaptic remodeling

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removing old synapses

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hippocampus

Back 39

The hippocampus is especially important in spatial learning
The production of new neurons is important in memory formation that requires the hippocampus

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social behavior network in mamamillaisn

Back 40

Regions of the mammalian brain comprise a social behavior network
Each region plays a role in social behaviors (aggression, sexual behavior, social recognition, affiliation, bonding, parental behavior, and response to stress)

These regions can interact because they are connected

Each region contains sex steroid receptors, which are needed for sexual differentiation and coordination of social behavior

Front 41

Deafferentation

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removal of sensory input by sectioning the sensory nerve or injecting phentolamine

Front 42

Horomones modify behavior by affecting

Back 42

Sensory or perceptual mechanisms

Development or activity of the central nervous system

Muscles important in the execution of behavior

Front 43

adult female meadow voles(hormones)

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In winter, adult female meadow voles prefer other females,but during mating season (spring and summer), they prefer males
(This reversal in preference is caused by higher estrogen levels, associated with longer days)

Front 44

Hormones effects in the brain

Back 44

(1) volume of brain tissue
(2) number of cells in brain tissue
(3) size of cell bodies
(4) extent of dendritic branching
(5) percentage of neurons sensitive to particular hormones
(6) survival of neurons

Front 45

male mice respond to hormone

Back 45

Male laboratory mice are aggressive toward infants and kill them

Males with progesterone implants attack pups
Males given progesterone antagonist (RU486) don’t attack pups

Knock-out mice (PRKO) do not respond to progesterone and
Are not aggressive to infants

Front 46

Dynamic relationship between hormones and behavior

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Hormones can activate specific forms of behavior
And behavioral stimuli can induce rapid changes in hormone levels

Sexual stimuli can trigger a rapid increases in androgen level

Front 47

What happens if a male in amplexus detects a predator?

Back 47

The hormone corticosterone suppresses amplectic behavior

Front 48

siamese fish (on lookers)

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build mucus-covered bubble nests at the water surface
Nests attract females and are home for eggs and hatched fry
Males defend territories centered on their nest

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onlookers

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Behavior and hormone levels change when conspecifics are watching

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Evidence of hormone-mediated aggression (fish)

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Aggressive behavior and levels of 11KT (an androgen in fish that mediates aggressive behavior) are influenced by male territory status and audience

Two males without nests (= low territory status) are highly aggressive to each other and have elevated 11KT levels when a third male is watching compared to when a female is watching.

Two males with nests (= high territory status) are non-aggressive and have low 11KT hormone levels when a third male or female was watching.

Front 51

neural pathways of the SCN

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preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

Front 52

Do biological clocks increase fitness?

Back 52

Reduced Night Predation

SCN-lesioned Ground squirrels are more active (on the ground) during nighttime

SCN-lesioned chipmunks are more active than other chipmunks