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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Modes of reproduction |
Production of gamete, method of fertilization (internal/external) and method of production of the young (viviparity, ovoviviparity, oviparity) |
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What is gonochoristic mode of reproduction? |
Separate male and female individuals |
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What is hermaphroditic reproduction mode? |
When the individuals have both egg and sperm |
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What is parthenogenetic reproduction mode? |
When all individuals have ovaries. No fertilization is necessary (top minnow/mole salamander) |
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What are the sex differences in priorities for males? |
Males focus on how many females are inseminated |
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What are the sex differences in priorities for females? |
Females focus on how many eggs are produced |
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What are the characteristics of parental provision model? |
It is the classical view on parental care Parents >> offspring |
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What are the characteristics of conflict model? |
Based on trivers theory (1972) and Alexanders data Parents <<->> offspring Based on this theory, parents should always be favoured in this contest (Kitten example, the cost increases for the mother the longer she is with her kittens) |
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What are the characteristics of symbiosis model? |
Transactional theory Parent <<+>> offspring Pup urine is a source for the mother (bidirectional exchange) |
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What are some issues of conflict theory? |
Mathematical models do not confirm Alexander's view How can we measure the intensity of a conflict? Many of these models look at species where only one parent is involved Sometimes the competition is between siblings (siblicide) |
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What is the certainty of paternity hypothesis? |
If the father is sure the children are his. He will care for the young. Paternal is most uncertainty with species using internal fertilization (these species have more maternal care) |
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What is the gamete order hypothesis?
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the last parent to release gametes gives the parental care Major limitation: fertilization mode (internal or external)
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What is the association or proximity hypothesis?
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Proximity of adults and offspring's determines parental behavior
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What is alloparental care?
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Care given by other individuals than the parents Seen in cooperative breeders Can serve two functions: Kin selection theory, parental experience theory |
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What is the parental experience hypothesis?
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Sticking around with your parents and learning how to raise your offspring will give you experience before you attempt to raise your own
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When is paternal care common in species?
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When there is external fertilization, monogamy, cooperative breeding Usually associated with biparental care (care from both parents) |
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What are the characteristics in evaluating male investment?
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Grooming Transporting/Carrying/Retrieving Feeding Defending Baby-sitting Playing Care to female |
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What is the definition of polyandry?
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When one female is with many males Most common in birds In humans, this is restricted to Nigeria and Himalaya |
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What is the definition of polygyny?
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When one male is with many females By far the most common form of polygamy |
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What is the definition of Polygynandry?
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non-random choice and pairing of males and females polygynous males with polyandrous females
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What is the definition of Promiscuity?
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random choice and pairing of males and females; both sexes have multiple partners
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What is genetic monogamy?
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DNA analysis confirming the mating/pair bond between a male and female (actual certainty
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What is sexual or mating monogamy?
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Exclusive male-female relationship based on sexual interactions
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What is social monogamy?
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Social living arrangement between a male and a female? (In humans, a monogamous marriage)
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What are the 7 criteria for monogamy?
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Reduced sexual dimorphism Exclusivity of mating Pair bond Biparental care Exclusion of strangers Reproductive suppression Incest avoidance |
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In monogamy, what type of body size and maturation would you expect to see?
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Equal body size and equal maturation |
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In polygyny, what type of body size and maturation would you expect to see?
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Males have larger body size and slower maturation
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In polyandry, what type of body size and maturation would you expect to see?
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Females have larger body size and slower maturation
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What characteristics do you need to consider when looking at a pair bond?
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Spatial proximity (shared territory/home range?) Frequency (continuous or discreet associations?) Duration (length of the pair bond) |
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What is the percentage of monogamy in birds and mammals?
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About 90% of birds are monogamous, and 4% of mammals are monogamous. Monogamy more likely to be observed when resources are scattered/nest sites are scarce) |
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How did Brown (1975) classify the taxonomies of monogamy?
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Perennial Seasonal Serial |
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How did Kleiman (1977, 1981) classify the taxonomies of monogamy?
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Facultative: paternal investment is low, loose association, occasional polygyny Obligate: more cohensie, paternal care, extrapair mating very rare |
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How did Wittenberger (1979, 1981) classify the taxonomies of monogamy?
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Dimension 1 (spatial): territorial, female-defence, dominance-based Dimension 2 (temporal): serial, permanent |
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How did Wickler & Seibi (1981) classify the taxonomies of monogamy?
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Distinction 1: Mutual, enforced, and circumstantial monogamy Distinction 2: Genetic, sexual (mating) and social monogamy |
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How did Poole (1985) classify the taxonomies of monogamy?
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Grade 1: male and female defend common territory but offspring leave after weaning Grade 2: adults are permanently paired, but the dispersion of the young is often delayed Grade 3: rank-determined monogamy (multi-male/multi-female groups) |
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What are some of the characteristics of Dholes?
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By far the most sophisticated dogs Found in India Short noses Clan (up to 400 individuals) At hunting time, they break up into packs of 6-12 individuals Different cranial structures from any other canid |
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What are common Type 1 species?
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Racoon dog Fox-like canids (grey foxes, Artic foxes) |
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What are common type 2 species?
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Dingos red wolf coyote all four species of jackal red foxes and corsac fox |
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What are common type 3 species?
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Wolf African Wild Dog Bush dog |
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What is the only type 4 species?
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Dholes
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What species use an immediate family system?
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Foxes, Coyotes
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What species use an extended family system?
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Wolves, African Wild dog
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Fox-like canids are ____ playful and ______ aggressive
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less playful, and more aggressive
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Most canines (coyotes, jackals) are _____ playful and _____ aggression
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some what playful and some what aggressive
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Wolves, African Wild Dog, Bush dogs are ____ playful and _____ aggressive
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highly playful and not very aggressive
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What two new monkeys species were discovered in Brazil?
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Two different types of Titi monkeys
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What are some characteristics of monogamy in humans?
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Seems to be culturally determined, and somewhat not natural A fair number of societies practice polygyny or at least permit it serial monogamy is considered acceptable in most societies extramarital affairs are very common |
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What is sororal polygyny?
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Husband has "intimate access" to his wifes sister
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What are the three factors that affect demographic regulation?
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Behavioural mechanisms (Wynne-Edwards, Calhoun) Physiological mechanisms (Selye, Christian, Sapolsky) Genetic mechanisms (Chitty) |
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What are the characteristics of a K selected species?
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Stable environment Constant/predictable climate Large body size Slow development Long life span Delayed reproduction Low offspring quantity High offspring quantity Extensive parental care High parental investment Low mortality rate High competition Home range/territory |
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What are the characteristics of r selected species?
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Unstable environment Variable climate Small body size Fast development Short life span Early reproduction High offspring quantity low offspring quality Minimal parental care Low parental investment High mortality rate Low competition No home range/territory |
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Are reptiles, birds and mammals K selected or r selected species?
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K selected
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Are amphibians K selected or r selected species?
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r selected
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Are climate, food, fires, floods more likely to affect K selected species or r selected species?
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Will mainly affect r-selected species
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Will competition, parasitism, disease, predation, shelter availability and food supply more likely to affect K selected species or r selected species?
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K selected species
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What is the Bruce effect?
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The Bruce effect is when the smell of strange male causes a pregnancy block or even abortion in females
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