Animal Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Myocardium

Back 1

Cardiac muscle

Front 2

Hypertrophy

Back 2

increase in muscle size

Hint 2

enlarged heart

Front 3

Hyperplasia

Back 3

increase in number of muscles

Front 4

Heart Attack

Back 4

A blockage occurs in the artery that supplies blood to a certain muscle in the heart. Causes muscle to "die" and is not susceptible to nerve impulses.

Front 5

Causes of enlarged heart in dogs

Back 5

1) Heartworms. They eventually enter the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
2)Parvo- one strain can cause heart blockage, leading to this condition and can cause sudden death.

Hint 5

Common things. One parasite and one virus.

Front 6

What chemicals cause muscle contraction?

Back 6

Actin and Myosin. Attracted to each other only in the presence of Calcium, released by a nerve impulse.

Front 7

3 things muscles have the ability to do

Back 7

1) Become excited- respond to a stimulus.
2) Extend or stretch with help of an outside force.
3) Contract back to normal size (muscle memory).

Front 8

Atrophy

Back 8

Deterioration of muscle due to disuse.

Front 9

Age of Puberty in Horses

Back 9

14 to 24 months

Front 10

Age of Puberty in Cows

Back 10

9-12 months

Front 11

Age of Puberty in Sheep

Back 11

7-8 months

Front 12

Age of Puberty in Swine

Back 12

5-7 months

Front 13

Age of Puberty in Cats/Dogs

Back 13

about 6 months

Front 14

Interstitial Substances

Back 14

substances between cells in tissue

Front 15

Epithelial Tissue

Back 15

skin- for protection of the body.

Front 16

Connective Tissue

Back 16

for support of the body

Front 17

Muscle Tissue

Back 17

contraction and movement of the body

Front 18

Nervous System

Back 18

for conduction of nerve impulses throughout the body

Front 19

Blood and Lymph

Back 19

supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues, aid in removal of waste products. Lymph "bathes" tissues.

Front 20

Seven types of epithelial tissue

Back 20

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, mucous membranes, stratified, glandular.

Front 21

Squamous Tissue

Back 21

Outermost layer of epithelial tissue.

Hint 21

skin

Front 22

Cuboidal Tissue

Back 22

Epithelial cells, usually found in a single layer. May be stratified, lines ducts in the body.

Hint 22

ducts

Front 23

Columnar Tissue

Back 23

Tall, elongated epithelial cells that line the G.I. tract and aid in digestion.

Front 24

Ciliated Tissue

Back 24

Epithelial cells covered in hairlike structures. These cells line the oviduct,and help propel sperm and ovum toward one another.

Front 25

Mucous Membranes

Back 25

Lines the eyes, mouth, nose, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and digestive tracts.

Front 26

Stratified Tissue

Back 26

many layers of epithelial cells together.

Front 27

Glandular Tissue

Back 27

involved in secretion and excretion. The epithelium that forms the secreting surface of a gland.

Front 28

Seven types of connective tissue

Back 28

yellow elastic, dense connective, collagenous, reticular, areolar, adipose, cartilage.

Front 29

two types of dense connective tissue

Back 29

tendon- attaches muscle to bone
ligament- attaches bone to bone

Front 30

reticular tissue

Back 30

a network of cells, found in bone marrow and the spleen.

Front 31

Areolar tissue

Back 31

attaches skin to underlying tissues

Front 32

adipose tissue

Back 32

fat found throughout the body, insulates muscles.

Front 33

3 types of cartilage

Back 33

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

Front 34

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 34

smooth, found on the end on bones, reduces friction.

Front 35

Fibrocartilage

Back 35

discs between vertebra.

Front 36

Elastic Cartilage

Back 36

found in ear, nose, etc.

Front 37

Axial Skeleton

Back 37

bones of the vertebral column, ribs, sternum, skull.

Front 38

Apendicular skeleton

Back 38

bones of the pelvis and limbs

Front 39

Epiphysis

Back 39

The growth area near the end of a bone.

Front 40

Diaphysis

Back 40

is the shaft of long bones

Front 41

Medullary Cavity

Back 41

The marrow cavity in the shaft of a long bone.

Front 42

Spongy Substance

Back 42

The tissue inside of bones that resembles a sponge or a honeycomb with spaces containing bone marrow or fat.

Front 43

Compact Substance

Back 43

A type of osseous tissue consisting of closely packed osteons or haversian systems, and forms the extremely hard exterior of bones.

Front 44

Periosteum

Back 44

The membrane of connective tissue that closely invests all bones except at the articular surfaces.

Front 45

Nutrient Foramen

Back 45

The external opening of the nutrient canal in a bone.

Front 46

Articular Cartilage

Back 46

The cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones participating in a synovial joint.

Front 47

Epiphyseal Cartilage

Back 47

The cartilage that contains an epiphysis, unites it with the shaft, and is the site of longitudinal growth of the bone.

Front 48

Pneumatic Bones

Back 48

A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells. Also called hollow bone.

Front 49

Sesamoid

Back 49

A nodular mass of bone or cartilage in a tendon especially at a joint or bony prominence.

Front 50

Simple Fracture

Back 50

A bone fracture that does not form an open wound in the skin.

Front 51

Compound Fracture

Back 51

A bone fracture resulting in an open wound through which bone fragments usually protrude.

Front 52

Comminuted Fracture

Back 52

A fracture in which bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.

Front 53

"Greenstick" Fracture

Back 53

occurs when the bone cracks and bends but does not completely break; when the bone does break into separate pieces

Front 54

Epiphyseal Fracture

Back 54

Separation of the epiphysis of a long bone, caused by trauma.

Front 55

Osteogenesis

Back 55

Development and formation of bone.

Front 56

Osteoblasts

Back 56

A bone-forming cell.

Front 57

Osteoclasts

Back 57

Any of the large multinucleate cells closely associated with areas of bone resorption (as in a fracture that is healing)

Front 58

Endochondral Ossification

Back 58

The conversion of cartilage into bone. Occurs in the epiphyseal cartilage.

Front 59

Epiphyseal Cartilage

Back 59

The area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis within which bone growth (endochondral ossification) occurs.

Front 60

Synarthrosis

Back 60

A type of joint which permits little or no mobility.

Front 61

Diarthrosis

Back 61

A freely movable joint.

Front 62

Amphiarthrosis

Back 62

A joint permitting little motion, the opposed surfaces being connected by fibrocartilage, as between vertebrae.

Front 63

Striated Muscle

Back 63

Skeletal, voluntary, and cardiac muscle, distinguished from smooth muscle by transverse striations of the fibers.

Front 64

Endomysium

Back 64

The fine connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle fiber.

Front 65

Perimysium

Back 65

The fibrous sheath enveloping each of the primary bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.

Front 66

Epimysium

Back 66

The external sheath of connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

Front 67

Origin

Back 67

The tendinous attachment of a muscle to the bone that remains fixed when the muscle contracts.

Front 68

Flexor

Back 68

A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body.

Front 69

Extensor

Back 69

A muscle that extends or straightens a limb or body part.

Front 70

Adductor

Back 70

A muscle that draws a body part, such as a finger, an arm, or a toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity.

Front 71

Abductor

Back 71

A muscle that draws a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity.

Front 72

Sphincter

Back 72

An annular muscle surrounding and able to contract or close a bodily opening.

Front 73

Respiratory Inspiratory

Back 73

Breathing in.

Front 74

Respiratory Expiratory

Back 74

breathing out, exhaling.

Front 75

Smooth Muscle

Back 75

makes up arteries, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, mammary glands, respiratory system. Controlled by the CNS.

Front 76

Cardiac Muscle or Myocardium

Back 76

contracts under influence of CNS. Striated. Does not regenerate very well.

Front 77

Rigor Mortis

Back 77

Muscles shorten/contract, animal stiffnes. Cold weather delays this.

Front 78

Glans Penis

Back 78

Sensory sex organ in the male.

Front 79

Corpus Cavernosum

Back 79

A mass of erectile tissue with large interspaces capable of being distended with blood.

Front 80

Prepuce

Back 80

The retractable fold of skin covering the tip of the penis.

Front 81

Urethral Diverticulum

Back 81

The canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder in most mammals and through which semen is discharged in the male.

Front 82

Scrotum

Back 82

The external sac of skin enclosing the testes in most mammals.

Front 83

Dartos Muscle

Back 83

Thin muscle in scrotum that decreases the size of scrotum when contracted.

Front 84

Spermatic Cord

Back 84

A group of structures which go through the inguinal canal to the testis. The structures include the vas deferens, arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Front 85

Cremaster Muscle

Back 85

A thin muscle consisting of loops of fibers derived from the internal oblique muscle and descending upon the spermatic cord to surround and suspend the testicle.

Front 86

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Back 86

The tube connecting the testes with the urethra. A coiled duct that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra.

Front 87

Tunica Vaginalis

Back 87

The serous membrane covering the front and sides of the testis and epididymis.

Front 88

Tunica Albuginea

Back 88

A dense, white, fibrous sheath enclosing the testicle.

Front 89

Cells of Leydig

Back 89

Interstitial cells that produce testosterone.

Front 90

Sertoli Cells

Back 90

Provide nutrition for developing sperm.

Front 91

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 91

Channels in the testis in which the spermatozoa develop and through which they leave the gland.

Front 92

Spermatazoa

Back 92

male zygote

Front 93

Epididymus

Back 93

Where sperm are stored and mature.