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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what makes an animal?
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multicellular, ingestive, heterotrophic, actively motile at some point in its life. they are metazoa
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who proposed that species evolve?
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Darwin
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the main biological goal is too...
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live long enough that you get to reproduce, hopefully as often as possible before you die
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2 things influence animal design
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natural selection and morphology
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some environmental influences that could influence design would be...
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climate, predatory pressure, mating pressure, food selection
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metamerism
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repeated or duplicated section, vertebrae in vertebrates.
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there are two types of skeletons....
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hydrostatic (molluscs and annelids) and rigid (arthropods and chordates)
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rigid skeleton is divided into two types....
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Exoskeleton that is a outer chitinous like in arthropods, and exoskeleton that is inside and composed of bone and cartilage.
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What a structure is used for is called _______. How a structure is used in the environment is called ________ _____. ___________ is when a structure has the ability to fill its future biological role.
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function, biological role, preadaptation
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birds, cheek muscles
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Evolution is not progressive. It is not a ladder but a _____.
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bush
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The ancestral characteristic or trait is know as....
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The primitive condition or pleisiomorphic condition.
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The derived character is know as the....
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apomorphic trait
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the derived condition or trait is...
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synaphomorphic trait
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natural taxon depicts....
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evolutionary events
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artificial taxon
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do not depict evolutionary events
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sister group
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taxon most closely related to group of interest
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grade
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group of organisms that have a large number of derived characteristics
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cladistics
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group organisms by common descent
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clade
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group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
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crown group
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smallest class, has all of the derived characteristics
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stem group
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extinct taxa that are most closely related to crown group, can have some derived characteristics but not all.
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total group
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crown group + stem group
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a branch point on a phylogentic tree represents...
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divergence of two species
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sister taxa
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groups that share an immediate common ancestor
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rooted tree
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includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
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polytomy
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branch from which more than two groups emerge
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monophyletic
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Group arose from a common ancestor. A valid class consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants.
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all animals arose from a common ancestor
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polyphyletic
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Formed on the basis of non-homologous characteristics. Consists of various species that lack common ancestor.
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endothermy (birds and mammals)
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paraphyletic
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One or more groups are omitted. Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.
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dinosaurs if birds are excluded
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homology
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two or more features that share a common ancestry
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vertebrate limbs
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serial homology
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similarity in successively repeated parts
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vertebrae
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analogy
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features with similar function due to convergent evolution
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homoplasty
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features that simply look alike
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convergent evolution
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similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar or analogous structures in organisms from different evolutionary lines
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