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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which two layers do venules have?
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adventitia and intima
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Which arteries have the most elastic tissue?
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aorta and pulmonary trunk
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What are perforating veins?
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They communicate between superficial and deep veins.
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What is a portal system?
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When a capillary bed drains to another capillary bed w/o going to the heart (e.g. hepatic or hypophyseal)
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Where does lymph enter the venous system?
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Primarily at the subclavian vein
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What is the mediastium? What's in it?
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It's the partition between the two pleural sacs. It contains the pericardial sac.
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Where is the boundary of the superior and inferior mediastinum?
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The plane of the sternal angle (at T4-T5)
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What's in the superior mediastinum?
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the trachea, esophagus, brachiocephalic veins, aortic arch, jugular veins, etc.
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What are the three divisions of the inferior mediastinum?
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anterior (fat, fascia and thymic remnants)
middle (pericardial sac) posterior (esophagus, nerves, descending aorta, thoracic duct |
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What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?
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A visceral serous membrane (aka epicardium) and a parietal serous membrane
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What is the pericardial cavity?
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The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
There should be some serous fluid here. |
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What is cardiac tamponade?
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When there's too much fluid in the pericardial cavity. Heart can't fill completely
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What is the inferior border of the sternocostal surface of the heart?
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A portion of the right atrium, the right ventricle, and the bottom of the left ventricle
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What is the left border of the sternocostal surface of the heart?
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Mostly the left ventricle and the auricle of the left atrium.
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What are the three big vessels you can see going to the heart from the front?
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(anatomically right to left) vena cava, ascending aorta, and the pulmonary trunk
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Which intercostal space does the heart's apex sit in? What longitudinal line marks the apex?
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In the 5th intercostal space (between 5th and 6th rib). The line is the midclavicular line.
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On the surface of the heart, you see some sulci. What are they called? What's in em?
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The coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus and the interventricular sulcus (shallower).
Here you will find coronary arteries and veins. |
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What are the two main coronary arteries? Where do the come from?
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You've got your left and right.
They both emanate from the base of the ascending aorta. |
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The right coronary terminates in what major branch anteriorly?
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the right marginal artery (goes along the margin of the sternocostal heart)
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The left coronary bifurcates into what?
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1. anterior interventricular (aka LAD, aka widowmaker)
2. circumflex (in the left coronary sulcus) |
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What forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
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both ventricles
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What is the posterior branch of the right coronary artery?
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The main terminal branch is the posterior interventricular artery
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What is the major terminal branch of the left coronary artery?
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The circumflex branch gives rise to the left marginal.
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What/where is the coronary sinus?
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In the coronal sulcus between the left atrium and venticle. Houses the main vein that drains the heart. (Very thin-walled, supported by epicardium)
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What are the most common congenital heart defects?
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Septal defects. Atrial not a huge deal. Ventricular is worse.
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What causes atrial septal defects? Describe effect of the defect.
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Failure of foramen ovale to close. May be asymptomatic. Causes shunting (either way) between atria.
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Which way will blood be shunted when there is a ventricular septal defect?
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left to right (high to low pressure)
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Where does the coronary sinus empty into the heart?
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the right atrium
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What are the two parts of the right atrium? What separates them?
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The crista terminalis separates the smooth sinus venarum from the corrugated pectinate muscles.
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The cusps of the tricuspid are attached to the ____ via the ____.
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papillary muscles; chordae tendinae
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Where is the conus arteriosus?
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It's the smooth part between the RV and the pulmonary trunk.
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Where is the tricuspid valve?
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Between RA and RV.
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At birth, foramen ovale closes to become ____.
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fossa ovalis
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What valve is between LA and LV?
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The bicuspid (aka mitral) valve.
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What are the "meaty bits"?
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The trabeculae carneae of the ventricles
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Describe the valves that lead out of the ventricles.
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Both the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve have 3 cusps. (Each have left and right. The pulmonary has an anterior. Aortic has a posterior)
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During systole, which valves are open?
During diastole? |
Systole: pulmonary valve and aortic valve.
Diastole: Both atrioventricular valves |
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Do heart valves open and close actively or passively.
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They open and close passively. However, the AV valves remain closed actively via contraction.
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Which valves are seminlunar?
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The pulmonary and aortic valves.
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From which two cusps of the aortic valve do the coronary arteries arise?
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left and right
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Do the coronary arteries fill during systole or diastole?
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diastole, as the sinuses of the aortic valve fill
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To ausculate a valve, where should you place a stethoscope?
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Just downstream of the valve
AVs are around the 5th intercostal SLs are around the 2nd intercostal |
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Where is the SA node?
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In the RA at the top of the crista terminalis just inferior to the opening for the SVC.
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Where is the AV node? Describe the path of its fibers.
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In the interatrial septum. Left and right branches further ramify to Purkinje fibers (subendocardial).
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Which kind of fibrillation is worse?
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ventricular. the pump fails and you die. that sucks.
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What is bradycardia, tachycardia?
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brady - slowb HR
tachy - rapid HR |
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What supplies blood to the SA and AV?
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SA: the first branch of the right coronary
AV: unpredictable |
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What are the two divisions of the cardiac plexus? Where are they? Which CN?
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superficial: underside of aortic arch
deep: trachial bifurcation (both part of autonomic NS, CN X) |
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What does parasympathetic innervation do to the heart?
What does sympathetic innervation do to the heart? |
PNS: Slows it down, narrows the coronary arteries.
SNS: Increases heart, dilates coronary arteries. |
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Where is the descending aorta in the mediastinum? The ascending?
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ascending: superior
descending: posterior |
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What does the aorta pass over as it curves to the left?
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the left bronchus
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What are those three branches on the aorta (R --->L)
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1. braciocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid 3. left subclavian |
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What two main things does the brachiocephalic branch to?
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the right common carotid and the right subclavian (just like the independent two on the left)
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What is the carotid bifurcation?
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Where the common carotid becomes the ICA and ECA.
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What are the branches of the ICA between the carotid bifurcation and the entry into the skull?
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NONE!
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Three branches of the subclavian a. that I want to know. Which one descends?
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1. vertebral (goes through transverse foramina)
2. thyrocervical trunk 3. internal thoracic (descends from the trunk) |
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What supplies the trachea and esophagus?
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bronchial and esophageal arteries (mediastinal portions) from descending aorta
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How many posterior intercostal arteries?
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9 (there are 11 intercostal spaces. the top two come from the subclavian)
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How are the vessels of the intercostal grooves layered?
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vein on top, then artery, then nerve
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What gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries?
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Branches from the internal thoracic a. (recall this descends from the thyrocervical trunk)
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What supplies the breasts?
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the internal thoracic (aka internal mammary)
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What/where is the superior epigastric a.?
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It's a branch of the interior thoracic that goes through the abs area. Important collateral flow in case there's something wrong with the descending aorta.
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What are the two terminal branches of the internal thoracic?
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musculophrenic and superior epigastric
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What does the musculophrenic a. supply?
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the diaphragm
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Three "unpaired branches" arising from anterior aspect of aorta.
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celiac (foregut), superior mesenteric (midgut), inferior mesenteric (hindgut)
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Where do the upaired branches of the aorta arise?
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celiac and SMA (L1)
IMA (L3) |
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What are the derivatives of foregut?
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abdominal esophagus to part of duodenum, plus liver, gallbladder, pancreas
(celiac also supplies spleen) |
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Branches of the celiac a. and their branches
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common hepatic
slpenic left gastric (esophageal, anastomoses with right gastric) |
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What/where is the gastro-omental a.?
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It's on the greater curvature of the stomach. The left part is a branch of the splenic. The right part is a branch of the common hepatic)
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The ______ supply the lesser curvature of the stomach. The _____ supply the greater curvature of the stomach.
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left and right gastric a.; left and right gastro-omental a.
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Branches of the common hepatic.
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cystic a. (to gallbladder)
hepatic proper (to liver) gastroduodenal a. (gives rise to right gastro-omental, plus supplies duodenum via supraduodenal a.) |
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Which branch of the celiac gives rise to pancreatic a.?
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the splenic
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Which kind of gut is the pancreas?
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I believe fore and mid
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Which branches of the SMA anastomose with branches of the celiac?
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The inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
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What are arterial arcades? Where are they? What are the little branches that come off them?
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They're loops of arteries. We saw some in the SMA and the IMA. The branches are called vasa recta.
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What are the major branches of the SMA?
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inferior pancreaticoduodenal, duodenal, jejunal, ilial, iliocolic, the right colic, the middle colic (pretty straightforward)
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What are the major branches of the IMA?
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the left colic, the sigmoidal, and the superior rectal
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What is Canon's ring?
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It's the part of the transverse colon where mid and hindgut meet. There will be SMA and IMA anastomoses here (marginal arteries between middle colic and left colic).
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What are the three paired branches of the descending aorta?
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the inferior phrenics (give rise to suprarenals), renals, and gonadals
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Where does the abdominal aorta terminate?
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L4
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What are the parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?
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thoracic, lumbar (4 of them) and the median sacral
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What marks the division between tributaries of the IVC and SVC?
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the umbilicus
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What is the azygos system?
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a valveless network of veins that drains to the SVC through the arch of the azygos. It's important for collateral drainage (e.g. when a fetus is pressing on the IVC).
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What side is the azygous vein on? What's on the other side?
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right: azygous
left: hemiazygous, accessory hemiazygous |
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The ____ and the ____ come together to form the hepatic portal vein, just deep to the ____.
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splenic v.; superior mesenteric vein; pancreas.
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The ____ brings blood to the liver. The _____ takes it away.
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portal vein; hepatic vein
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What are the four kinds of anastomoses between portal and caval tributaries?
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1. esophageal
2. paraumbilical 3. rectal 4. retroperitoneal |
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What are these?: esophageal varices, caput medusa, and hemorrhoids
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Complications from dilation of anastomoses between portal and caval veins.
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Where to the vertebral arteries ascend?
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Through the transverse foramina of C6 to atlas.
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What do the vertebral arteries supply? Where do they enter the skull?
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nuchal muscles, the spinal cord through its spinal branches. They enter through foramen magnum
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On the ____, the vertebral arteries come together to form a single ____ artery.
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clivus; basilar
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Where do the common carotids bifurcate?
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C3-C4 in the carotid triangle
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What kind of sensory receptors are in the carotid? Where?
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There are baroreceptors in the carotid sinus of the ICA and chemoreceptors in the carotid body.
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Where is the carotid line?
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It marks the location of the carotid on the anterior border of the SCM
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Which nerve conveys info from the baroreceptors of the ICA?
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CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
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What is the carotid body?
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The ganglion at the carotid bifurcation that contains chemoreceptors.
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What is carotid endarterectomy? Why is it dangerous?
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Removal of an atheroma in the carotid. If the plaque breaks off, it'll go to the brain. You can also stimulate the baroreceptors, which could kill you.
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What covers the carotid?
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The carotid sheath.
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List the four portions of the internal carotid.
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1. cervical
2. petrous 3. cavernous 4. cerebral |
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In the _____ portion of the ICA, the carotid passes through the carotid canal.
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petrous
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What are the two petrous branches of the ICA?
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the Vidian (to pterygopalatine fossa via the pterygoid canal)
the caroticotympanic |
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The ____ will give rise to the Vidian artery, which will anastomose with branches of the ____ in the ____.
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petrous ICA; maxillary artery; pterygopalatine fossa
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The ICA passes over ____ to enter the cavernous sinus.
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foramen lacerum
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There are so many branches of the cavernous ICA :( List them.
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1. cavernous sinus branch
2. trigeminal ganglion branch 3. nerual branch (to CN III, IV, and VI) 4. meningeal branch 5. inferior hypophyseal branch 6. tentorial branches |
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Anyeurism of the ____ might lead to opthalmoplegia, which is _____.
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cavernous ICA; difficulty moving the eyeball
(because it would impinge upon CN III, IV, and VI) |
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What branch of "special importance" comes from the cerebral ICA?
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the opthalmic artery
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What are the branches of the cerebral ICA?
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1. opthalmic
2. superior hypophyseal 3. posterior communicating 4. anterior choroidal |
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From where do the superior and inferior hypophyseal arterties arise?
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superior: cerebral ICA
inferior: cavernous ICA |
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The final bifurcation of the ICA gives rise to ___ and ___.
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anterior and middle cerebral arteries
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The ____ forms part of the circle of Willis by bridging between the ICA and the vertebro-basilar arteries
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posterior communicating artery (branch of the cerebral ICA)
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The opthalmic artery is a branch of the cerebral ICA. List its branches.
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1. anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (also supplies some of nasal cavity)
2. lacrimal artery 3. posterior ciliary a. (posterior eyeball) 4. central retinal 5. muscular branches 6. supraorbital a. 7. supratrochlear a.(dorsal nasal a. is a branch of this) |
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The central retinal artery is a branch of the ____. It runs through the ____ to the retina, where is emerges through the ______.
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opthalmic artery; opthalmic nerve; optic disk
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The dorsal nasal artery is a branch of the _____, which is a branch of the _____, which is a branch of the _____.
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supratrochlear a.; opthalmic a.; cerebral ICA
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Which branches of the opthalmic supply skin?
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The dorsal nasal, the supratrochlear, and the supraorbital. (They anastomose w/ each other and branches of the ECA.)
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Use the mnemonic to list the branches of the ECA.
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"Some angry lady figured out PMS"
Superior thoracic Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal |
