Anesthetic Drugs

Front 1

Propofol

Back 1

Drug Class : non-barbiturate sedative

Short duration.

Adverse effects include transient respiratory depression, which is common but usually clinically tolerable, and vasodilation, which can be significant. Apnea is also possible if given too rapidly.

Debilitated patients generally require lower doses of propofol and may experience exaggerated cardiovascular and respiratory depression.

Propofol decreases cerebral oxygen consumption, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure. This is an advantage when used to treat patients with intracranial disease, including seizures, tumors, hydrocephalus, and traumatic brain injury.

Propofol should be used with caution in patients with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias,as propofol has demonstrated both proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects. Anecdotally, it has been safely used in dogs with pre-existing arrhythmias.

A study in dogs found that propofol administered before midazolam resulted in less benzodiazepine-induced excitation and a greater reduction of total propofol requirements than when midazolam was administered before propofol. With this technique, ≈1 mg/kg of propofol is administered slowly followed by the total dose of midazolam or diazepam. Once the patient is relaxed (1 to 2 minutes), the remainder of the propofol is slowly titrated until the patient is anesthetized to a depth that allows smooth intubation.

Hint 1

cardiovascular and respiratory depression.

Front 2

Ketamine

Back 2

used to induce general anesthesia in many species and as a CRI to provide analgesia and decrease the amount of inhalant used to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. It has been used intranasally in combination with midazolam in cats to induce sedation

Ketamine is a rapid-acting, general anesthetic that has significant analgesic activity and a relative lack of cardiovascular depressant effects in healthy animals. Ketamine depresses the thalamoneocortical system, dissociating it from the limbic system, which is activated.

Hint 2

Adverse effects include hypertension, hypersalivation, respiratory depression, hyperthermia, emesis, vocalization, erratic and prolonged recovery, dyspnea, myoclonus, seizures, muscular tremors, hypertonicity, opisthotonos, and cardiac arrest, as well as pain with IM injection.

In healthy animals, the effects of _____ on the cardiovascular system include increased cardiac output, heart rate, mean aortic pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and central venous pressure.

Front 3

Midazolam

Back 3

is principally used for its sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant properties as a premedication and co-induction agent (combined with other drugs) prior to induction of general anesthesia. When midazolam is used alone, sedation may be adequate in ruminants, camelids, swine, rabbits, ferrets, and some birds; it does not appear to provide predictable sedation in dogs, cats, or horses, as they may become sedated or dysphoric and excited. Cats may be more prone to developing an excited effect/disinhibition as compared with dogs. When used in combination with other drugs (eg, opioids, ketamine, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine), midazolam provides more reliable sedation.

Hint 3

Injectable benzodiazepine used primarily as a preoperative and co-induction medication and, unlike diazepam, may be given IM and can be used intranasally for seizures

Caution is advised with hepatic or renal disease, open-angle glaucoma, debilitated or geriatric animals, significant respiratory depression, and animals in a coma or shock.

Front 4

Dexdomitor/Dexmedetomidine

Back 4

Reversible sedative analgesic used primarily in dogs, cats, small mammals, and exotic species; can also be used as an emetic in cats.

Hint 4

Antisedan

Adverse effects include bradycardia, occasional AV block, decreased respiratory rate, hypothermia, urination, vomiting, and hyperglycemia. Rarely, prolonged sedation, hypersensitivity, apnea, and death from circulatory failure may occur.

Front 5

Buprenorphine/Buprenex

Back 5

Often used as a component of short-term immobilization and anesthetic drug combinations

Longer onset of action and longer duration of action as compared with most other opioids

Hint 5

Rarely, may cause respiratory depression

Front 6

Hydro morphine

Back 6

Give slow!

Injectable opioid used as a sedative/restraining agent, analgesic, and preanesthetic agent. May be used as an emetic

Hint 6

Adverse effects in dogs include nausea, vomiting, defecation, panting, vocalization, and sedation. CNS depression, respiratory depression, and bradycardia are possible; decreased GI motility with resultant constipation may occur with chronic use.