Anesthetic Agents (Key Terms And Concepts)

Front 1

Name the four stages of anesthesia?

Back 1

1. Analgesia
2. Excitement
3. Surgical Anesthsia
4. Medulary Paralysis

Front 2

Topical anesthesia involves the placement of a nerve-conduction blocking agent onto a _______ layer (skin or mucus membrane).:

Back 2

tissue

Front 3

High concentrations of epidural anesthetics can cause cardiac depression and neurotoxicity in the _______ and neonate.:

Back 3

mother

Front 4

Local infiltration anesthesia is produced by ________ of local anesthetic solution directly into an area that is painful, or about to be operated on.:

Back 4

Injection

Front 5

Local anesthetics are divided into two groups: -esters and _______.:

Back 5

-amides

Front 6

Advantages to general anesthesia include rapid __________ of the anesthetic agent and prompt reversal of its effects when desired.:

Back 6

Excretion

Front 7

After surgery, patients should be instructed in deep __________ and coughing, which reopens the lung alveoli and helps to clear secretions from the lower respiratory tract.:

Back 7

Breathing

Front 8

Local anesthetics relieve pain regionally or topically and provide localized nerve block for surgical procedures without loss of __________.:

Back 8

consciousness

Front 9

The reduction of nerve conduction by localized cooling is known as __________.:

Back 9

Cryoanesthesia

Front 10

Any delay in the administration of preoperative medications should be reported promptly to the _______ department.:

Back 10

surgical

Front 11

Spinal anesthesia can be used for many procedures, including gynecological, obstetrical, __________, and genitourinary surgery.:

Back 11

orthopedic

Front 12

Most of the local anesthetics in common use today belong to the _____ class.:

Back 12

amide

Front 13

Intravenous anesthetics are often preferred to inhalation anesthetics because they have a _______ onset of action.:

Back 13

faster

Front 14

Because they affect the CNS, patients may feel tired for a few _____ after having anesthesia.:

Back 14

days

Front 15

Esters are associated with a higher incidence of __________ __________ than amides.:

Back 15

allergic reactions

Front 16

During spinal anesthesia, an anesthetic agent is injected into the __________ space.:

Back 16

subarachnoid

Front 17

General anesthetics are contraindicated in patients who have received _____ _______ within 14 days.:

Back 17

MAO inhibitors

Front 18

Insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness

Back 18

Analgesia

Front 19

Relating to, characterized by, or producing pain relief with or without antipyretic or anti-inflammatory action

Back 19

Analgesic

Front 20

Loss of sensation or consciousness

Back 20

Anesthesia

Front 21

Substances that produce anesthesia

Back 21

Anesthetics

Front 22

Reduction of nerve conduction by localized cooling

Back 22

Cryoanesthesia

Front 23

Anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the epidural (lumbar or caudal) space via a catheter that allows repeated infusions

Back 23

Epidural anesthesia

Front 24

Related to the ability to dissolve more easily in lipids than in water

Back 24

Lipophilic

Front 25

A drug (as morphine, heroin, and codeine) containing or derived from opium and tending to induce sleep and to alleviate pain

Back 25

Opiate

Front 26

Possessing some properties characteristic of opiate narcotics but not derived from opium

Back 26

Opioid

Front 27

Introduction of a drug outside of the gastrointestinal tract; generally in injectable form

Back 27

Parenteral

Front 28

The practice of simultaneously prescribing multiple medicines to a single patient

Back 28

Polypharmacy

Front 29

Agents used to partially sedate patients prior to surgery

Back 29

Preanesthetics

Front 30

Affects a large but limited part of the body and is often used in obstetrics (labor and delivery)

Back 30

Regional anesthesia

Front 31

Injection of anesthetic agent into the subarachnoid space through a spinal needle

Back 31

Spinal anesthesia

Front 32

Area of spinal cord beneath the arachnoid membrane or between the arachnoid and pia mater, and filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Back 32

Subarachnoid

Front 33

Inhalation anesthetic agents that are easily vaporized liquids

Back 33

Volatile liquids

Front 34

When stage 4 is reached it is commonly referred to as an _____ ______

Back 34

Anesthetic Accident

Front 35

type of reflex also called the gag reflex?

Back 35

Laryngeal Reflex

Front 36

Type of nerve inhibition that can cause death during stage 2 anesthesia

Back 36

Vagus Nerve

Front 37

Patients should be advised that when using skin Anesthetics...

Back 37

They should not touch their eyes

Front 38

Sudden death may occur in stage 2 anesthesia possibly due to

Back 38

Vagal Nerve inhibition

Front 39

Hyperthermia is characterized by

Back 39

an increase in body temperature

Front 40

A patient may suffer from shaking may become violent during what stage of anesthesia?

Back 40

Stage 2

Front 41

Lidocaine is?

Back 41

Highly lipid soluable

Front 42

some pre-operative medications reduce gastric..

Back 42

Acidity

Front 43

Epidural Anesthesia involves injection of a local Anesthetic into the

Back 43

lumbar or caudal space

Front 44

Epidurals carry a high risk of ...

Back 44

systemic toxicity

Front 45

Herbal medications should be stopped...

Back 45

2-3 weeks before surgery

Front 46

After surgery, geriatric patients should be monitored for...

Back 46

respiratory apnea

Front 47

The stress of surgery in diabetic patients may...

Back 47

Increase blood sugar

Front 48

Older adults are more likely to experience..

Back 48

Adverse drug reactions

Front 49

An epidural is absorbed very slowly into...

Back 49

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 50

In order to avoid a headache, after an epidural a person should....

Back 50

Lie flat for aprx. 12 hours

Front 51

Field block and nerve block are forms of...

Back 51

regional Anesthesia

Front 52

The vagus nerve extends from the cranium to the....

Back 52

Abdomen

Front 53

Which type of Anesthetic is NOT used in vasectomy

Back 53

Esters

Front 54

Fear is common in what stage of anesthesia?

Back 54

Stage 2

Front 55

Esters generally have a rapid onset and a...

Back 55

Short duration of activity

Front 56

True or false: Lidocaine is never used for spinal anesthesia?

Back 56

False

Front 57

Spinal anesthesia may cause marked vasodilation, which results in...

Back 57

Hypotension

Front 58

A symptom of toxicity involving rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs is known as

Back 58

nystagmus

Front 59

True or false: For a biopsy, an amide-type local Anesthetic is usually used

Back 59

true

Front 60

True-False:Epidural anesthesia is accomplished via catheter that allows for repeated infusions

Back 60

True

Front 61

How do anesthetics generally work?

Back 61

They block nerve conduction by inhibiting sodium ion movement

Front 62

Which Anesthetic agent inhibits sulfonamide antibiotics?

Back 62

Procaine

Front 63

What causes itching and allergy-like symptoms after the administration of Anesthetics?

Back 63

A histamine release

Front 64

Slurred speech and tremors often precede what dangerous side effect of local anesthesia?

Back 64

seizures

Front 65

Which local anesthetic is safer? Amines or Esters and why?

Back 65

Amides are safer because they can undergo repeat high-temperature sterilizations without changing chemical structure and do not produce the metabolite PABA like esters do.

Front 66

Name the 5 techniques in which local anesthetics are applied.

Back 66

1.topical
2.Nerve Block
3.infiltration
4. spinal
5.epidural

Front 67

Spinal anesthesia differs from epidural anesthesia in what way?

Back 67

In an epidural a catheter is placed, in spinal anesthesia, only an injection is given.

Front 68

pain is abolished, consciousness is retained, sense of hearing is often enhanced

Back 68

Stage 1: Analgesia

Front 69

May be unpleasant, patient can suffer from shaking and become violent, or feel extreme fear; passage from stage 1 to stage 3 must be attained quickly as quickly as possible as sudden death can occur during stage two possibly due to vagal nerve stimulation

Back 69

Stage 2: Excitement

Front 70

characterized by progressive muscular relaxation, which must be controlled to avoid respiratory paralysis. corneal reflexes, and pupillary size are helpful indicators; patients are usually put on a respirator during this stage

Back 70

Stage 3:Surgical Anesthesia

Front 71

begins with respiratory failure: can lead to circulatory colapse; through careful monitoring, this stage can be avoided

Back 71

Stage 4 medullary Paralysis