Anesthesiology Camelid Anesthesia

Front 1

What are the 4 types of south american camelids?

Back 1

1) Llama
2) Alpaca
3) Guanaco
4) Vicuna

Front 2

What are 4 species variations that should be considered when anesthetizing camelids?

Back 2

1) thick skin
-don't have distinct jugular groove
2) Close proximity of jugular v and carotid a.
3) Jugular venous valves
-can hit when do jugular catheterization
4) Compartmentalized stomach carries risk of regurgitation and aspiration

Front 3

What are 5 drugs that can be used to sedate camelids?

Back 3

1) Xylazine
2) Medetomidine
3) Detomidine
4) Butorphanol
5) Nalbuphine (opioid)
-animals are still standing

Front 4

What are 4 drugs used for restraining camelids?

Back 4

1) Xylazine/ Medetomidine
-animal won't be standing anymore
2) Romifidine
3) Xylazine/ketamine
-simultaneously or 5-10 m apart
4) Xylazine/ butorphanol

Front 5

What is Romifidine?

Back 5

Alpha-2 agonists
-recently released by Boehringer-Ingleheim for equine use

Front 6

What is the ketamine "stun" (a neuroleptanalgesia)?

Back 6

Xylazine, ketamine, butorphanol given simultaneously - can give different amounts of each for different duration
-same drugs different amount than "BKX"

Front 7

What is BKX?

Back 7

Neuroleptanalgesia
-Butorphanol
-Xylazine
-Ketamine
~used for restraint in camelids

Front 8

Can telazol be used in camelids?

Back 8

Yes for restraint, up to 120 minutes duration IM

Front 9

What is different about the preanesthetic preparation of camelids compared to horses and ruminants?

Back 9

Use atropine or glycopyrrolate
-sedatives usually not required

Front 10

What do you need to perform venous catheterization on a camelid?

Back 10

16-18 ga x 13 cm catheter
needle or scalpel

Front 11

Why do we like to hit the jugular vein at the middle/ rostral 1/3 of the neck on a camelid?

Back 11

Lower has more transverse processes
Wing of atlas gets in the way up higher

Front 12

What are 5 injectable drugs used for induction in camelids?

Back 12

1) Thiopental
2) Thiopental- guaifenesin
3) Ketamine -guaifenesin
4) Xylazine-ketamine
5) Propofol

Front 13

What are 2 injectable anesthetics used for maintenance in camelids?

Back 13

1) Xylazine/ketamine/ guaifenesin
2) Propofol

Front 14

What 4 things do you need to perform orotracheal intubation in camelids?

Back 14

1) Mouth speculum/ gauze loops
2) Gauze sponge
3) Sufficient depth of anesthesia
4) Laryngoscope

Front 15

Why is nasotracheal intubation difficult in camelids?

Back 15

-Relatively narrow ventral meatus
-Avoid middle meatus
-Avoid pharyngeal diverticulum

Front 16

Why do we like to hit the jugular vein at the middle/ rostral 1/3 of the neck on a camelid?

Back 16

Lower has more transverse processes
Wing of atlas gets in the way up higher

Front 17

What are 5 injectable drugs used for induction in camelids?

Back 17

1) Thiopental
2) Thiopental- guaifenesin
3) Ketamine -guaifenesin
4) Xylazine-ketamine
5) Propofol

Front 18

What are 2 injectable anesthetics used for maintenance in camelids?

Back 18

1) Xylazine/ketamine/ guaifenesin
2) Propofol

Front 19

What 4 things do you need to perform orotracheal intubation in camelids?

Back 19

1) Mouth speculum/ gauze loops
2) Gauze sponge
3) Sufficient depth of anesthesia
4) Laryngoscope

Front 20

Why is nasotracheal intubation difficult in camelids?

Back 20

-Relatively narrow ventral meatus
-Avoid middle meatus
-Avoid pharyngeal diverticulum

Front 21

Compare the size of the tube used for nasotracheal intubation compared to orotracheal intubation in camelids.

Back 21

Usually use one size smaller for nasotracheal intubation

Front 22

Should you be concerned if a camelid gets epistaxis during nasotracheal intubation?

Back 22

No, its common

Front 23

How should you direct the well lubricated tube when performing nasotracheal intubation in a camelid?

Back 23

Medially and ventrally

Front 24

Explain the process of performing nasotracheal intubation in a camelid.

Back 24

Laryngoscopy
Insert prebent stylet into tube
Extend head and neck
Visualize larynx
Use dorsal pressure on tube to direct tube tip ventrally
Advance tube caudally into larynx
thread tube off stylet

Front 25

What are 5 ways to confirm intubation of a camelid?

Back 25

1) Evacuated bulb
2) Exchange of gas
3) Steaming/ clearing of tube
4) Synchronous movement of chest & rebreathing bag
5) Presence of CO2 in expired gas

Front 26

Explain how to use an evacuating bulb to confirm intubation.

Back 26

Squeeze ball down to nothing then connect to E/t tube and if its in the esophagus the bulb won't expand bc mucosa gets sucked in there

Front 27

What are the 5 parameters that are monitored to monitor the cardiovascular system in camelids?

Back 27

1) Heart rate
2) Pulse pressure
3) Perfusion time
4) Color of mucous membrane
5) Blood pressure

Front 28

What are 4 arteries that can be used to measure the pulse in camelids?

Back 28

1) Caudal auricular
2) Common digital
3) Radial
4) Saphenous

Front 29

What is the normal mean blood pressure of camelids?

Back 29

75-90 mmHg

Front 30

What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult camelid? Juveniles?

Back 30

10-25 breaths/min-adults
20-30 breaths/min-juveniles

Front 31

What are the 3 ways to monitor the respiratory system of a camelid?

Back 31

1) Respiratory rate
2) Capnography
3) Blood gas analysis

Front 32

What are 3 ways to monitor the CNS of a camelid under anesthesia?

Back 32

1) Ocular reflexes
2) Response to pain
3) anesthetic agent analysis

Front 33

What are 3 things to consider when positioning a camelid for anesthesia?

Back 33

1) Flat padded surface
2) Down forelimb extended
3) Protect dependent eye

Front 34

What type of fluids are administered to a camelid under aensthesia?

Back 34

LRS or Normosol-R, saline, Na bicarb as needed to manage-acid /base balance

Front 35

What are 3 drugs used for cardiovascular support in camelids?

Back 35

1) Dobutamine
2) Calcium gluconate
3) Ephedrine

Front 36

What are 3 components to reassuring good recovery of a camelid from anesthesia?

Back 36

1) Maintain oral E/T tube as long as possible
2) Confirm gas exchange after extubation
3) Assistant should be available

Front 37

What are 3 alpha-2 ANTAGONISTS used in camelids?

Back 37

1) Atipamezole
2) Tolazoline
3) Yohimbine

Front 38

What are 4 ways that local anesthetics are administered to camelids?

Back 38

1) Infiltration
2) Peripheral nerve block
3) IV local anesthesia
4) Epidural anesthesia

Front 39

Where do you administer an epidural anesthetic to camelids?

Back 39

Sacrocaudal injection
-max volume: 2mL / 150 kg

Front 40

What are 6 agents that can be used for epidural anesthesia in camelids?

Back 40

1) Procaine
2) Mepivacaine
3) Lidocaine
4) Bupivacaine
5) Xylazine
6) Xylazine/ lidocaine

Front 41

What are 4 agents used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 41

1) NSAIDs
2) Opioids
3) Ketamine
4) Lidocaine

Front 42

What are 4 agents used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 42

1) NSAIDs
2) Opioids
3) Ketamine
4) Lidocaine

Front 43

What are 3 NSAIDs used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 43

1) Flunixin
2) Ketoprofen
3) Phenylbutazone
*Use lowest effective dose

Front 44

What are 3 NSAIDs used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 44

1) Flunixin
2) Ketoprofen
3) Phenylbutazone
*Use lowest effective dose

Front 45

What are 6 opioids used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 45

1) Butorphanol
2) Morphine
-epidurally q 12-24 h
3) Hydromorphone
4) Oxymorphone
5) Buprenorphine
6) Fentanyl

Front 46

What are 6 opioids used for analgesia in camelids?

Back 46

1) Butorphanol
2) Morphine
-epidurally q 12-24 h
3) Hydromorphone
4) Oxymorphone
5) Buprenorphine
6) Fentanyl

Front 47

What are 2 ways to administer fentanyl to camelids?

Back 47

Infusion
Transdermal (not cheap)

Front 48

What are 2 ways to administer fentanyl to camelids?

Back 48

Infusion
Transdermal (not cheap)