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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Objective:
What is alveolar ventilation? |
VA (ml/min) = RR (breaths/min) x [Vt (ml/breath) - Vd (ml/breath)]
dead space in a normal unsedated dog is about 35% |
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Objective:
How does CO2 diffuse across the respiratory membrane? |
easily reaches equilibrium between blood and alveoli
we can estimate atrial CO2 O2 levels must be calculated (due to lake of easy diffusion) |
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Objective:
What is the idea V/Q ratio? |
1 (normal is .8)
difference between perfusion and ventilation is V/Q mismatch |
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Objective:
What forms is oxygen carried in the blood? CO2? |
97% bound to Hb 3% dissolved
Bicarb, dissolved, bound to Hb |
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Objective:
How does anesthesia affect ventilation? |
depresses respiratory ventilation (muscle relaxation and CNS depression)
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What are functions of respiratory physiology?
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-gas exchange
-metabolic function (angiotension 1 to 2) -synthesis of surfactant |
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Objective:
What are the five respiratory monitoring tools? |
-mucus membrane color
-respiratory effort -capnograph (end tidal CO2) -Pulse oximetry (% of Hb saturated by O2) -blood gas analysis |
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What are the five causes of hypoxemia? (<80mmHg)
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-Low insired O2
-hypoventilation -V/Q mismatch -Right to left anatomic shunt -Diffusion impairment |
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Objective:
What composes the upper respiratory tract? Lower? |
Mouth and trachea
Bronchi, conducting bronchioles terminal Brochioles*, alveoli* * = responsible for gas exchange |
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What is dead space measure in?
How think is the respiratory membrane? |
measured in mLs
.6 micrometers |
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What vessel are used for gas exchange?
Lung Nutrients? |
pulmonary vessels
bronchial vessels |
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Which phase of breathing is passive?
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Expiration
involvement of intercostal muscles and intercostal nerves |
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Which phase of breathing is active?
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inspiration
innervated by phrenic nerve and uses intercostal muscles |
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What is the parasympathetic effect on respiratory function?
sympathetic? |
Bronchoconstriction, VD, Increase resp secretions
Bronchodilation, decrease in respiratory secretions |
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What does a V/Q less than one indicate?
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increased shunt fraction
due to airway impairment such as mucous, fluid or a foreign body |
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What does a V/Q greater than one indicate?
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increased alveolar dead space
due to blockage of blood flow |
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What is ventilation controlled by?
What are the chemoreceptors sensitive to? |
Medulla
hydrogen ions due to changes in CO2 |
