Anesthesia Quiz 1

Front 1

Anesthesia is utilized daily in most veterinary practices to (6)

Back 1

provide sedation,tranquilization, immobility, muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and pain control

Front 2

Anesthesia risks

Back 2

several unique risks & dangers

requires a high level of knowledge, competency, commitment, and acceptance of responsibility

Front 3

Safe anesthetic agents and procedures

Back 3

“Thereare no safe anesthetic agents; there are no safe anesthetic procedures; thereare only safe anesthetists.”

Front 4

Safe anesthesia

Back 4

always some amount of risk

Front 5

Communicating anesthesia risks

Back 5

small amount of fear important to maintainhealthy respect and prevents complacency

Front 6

15th century

Back 6

plant extracts used to control pain

Front 7

1500s-1700s

Back 7

experimentation with chemical agents

Front 8

1846

Back 8

diethyl ether discovered as first "anesthetic" agent

Front 9

1850s

Back 9

ether and chloroform used in veterinary anesthesia

Front 10

Early 20th century

Back 10

inhalation anesthesia

Front 11

1930s

Back 11

injectable barbiturates

Front 12

1930s-now

Back 12

wide range of effective agents

Front 13

Regulatory organizations

Back 13

progress has been madeover the past several decades to establish anesthesia as a formally recognized discipline through the foundation of several professional organizationsintended to advance the practice of anesthesia and analgesia

Front 14

AVTA

Back 14

Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia

Front 15

NAVTA-CVTS

Back 15

National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America—Committee on Veterinary Technician Specialties

Front 16

The AVTA was recognized in

Back 16

1999 by the NAVTA-CVTS

Front 17

AVTA offers

Back 17

specialization to credentialed veterinary technicians through completion of an arduous set of requirements thatdemonstrates competency in the advanced practice of anesthesia and analgesia

Front 18

“VTS (Anesthesia)”

Back 18

after one’s name signifies certification as a specialist

Front 19

A complete list of the specific objectives of the AVTA may be found

Back 19

in its Mission Statement

Front 20

Analgesia

Back 20

loss of sensitivity to pain

Front 21

Pain

Back 21

complex phenomenon that causes physicalsuffering, distress, or discomfort which is caused by illness or injury

Front 22

Analgesics

Back 22

something that removes pain

Front 23

Pre-emptive analgesia

Back 23

giving an analgesic before pain occurs

Front 24

Types of pain

Back 24

physiologic/adaptive pain

pathologic/maladaptive pain

inflammatoryneuropathic pain

somatic painvisceral pain

acute painchronic pain

mild pain

severe pain

Front 25

Physiologic/adaptive pain

Back 25

a warning pain that occurs after a noxious (physically harmful or destructive) stimulus

Front 26

Pathologic/maladaptive pain

Back 26

a response to tissue damage and is typically characterized by sharp pain or dull burning pain, with hyperalgesia or allodynia

Front 27

exaggerated response to noxious stimulus

Back 27

hyperalgesia

Front 28

a pain experience from a stimulus that is not normally painfu

Back 28

allodynia

Front 29

Inflammatory

Back 29

a localized reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain because of infection, irritation, or injury

Front 30

Neuropathic pain

Back 30

typically chronic in nature and results from nerve damage, injury, or dysfunction resulting in abnormal signals being sent to the spinal cord and higher pain centers

Front 31

Somatic pain

Back 31

caused by injury to skin, muscle, bone, joint, and connective tissues

Front 32

Visceral pain

Back 32

pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs)

Front 33

Acute pain

Back 33

a type of pain that typically lasts less than 3 to 6 months, or pain that is directly related to soft tissue damage

Front 34

Chronic pain

Back 34

any pain that lasts for more than three months

Front 35

Mild pain

Back 35

any pain that is not strong or severe

Front 36

Severe pain

Back 36

any extreme pain

Front 37

Anesthesia

Back 37

absence of sensation

Front 38

CNS

Back 38

Central Nervous System

Front 39

Anesthesia causes

Back 39

CNS depression or stimulation

Front 40

Anesthesia is achieved by

Back 40

administration of an anesthetic drug or agent: any drug usedto induce a loss of sensation with or without consciousness

Front 41

Anesthesia is used for

Back 41

surgery,dentistry, grooming, diagnostic imaging, wound care, capture and transport ofwild animals

Front 42

General anesthesia

Back 42

absence of sensation and consciousness

Front 43

General anesthesia is

Back 43

reversibleunconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, & loss of sensationbody

required for major surgery or painful procedures

Front 44

General anesthesia is produced by

Back 44

administration of one or more anesthetic drugs

Front 45

Anesthetic drugs

Back 45

injectable or inhalant anesthetics

Front 46

injectable anesthetics

Back 46

IV or IM

Front 47

inhalant anesthetics

Back 47

via mask, ET tube, or anesthetic chamber

Front 48

inhalant anesthetics are most commonly used

Back 48

in conjunction with injectable anesthetic agents

Front 49

PA

Back 49

Pre-anesthetic

Front 50

4 components of general anesthesia

Back 50

PA

induction

maintenance

recovery

Front 51

PA

Back 51

periodimmediately preceding anesthetic induction in which pt. data collected, PAdrugs calculated and administered, equipment prepared, IVC placed, etc.

Front 52

Induction

Back 52

processby which an animal leaves the normal conscious state and enters an unconsciousstate (anesthetized state)

Front 53

Induction may be accomplished with

Back 53

injectableor inhalant anesthetic agents—dose to effect

Front 54

The goal of induction

Back 54

smooth and rapid

Front 55

Maintenance

Back 55

period following induction in which a stable level of anesthetic depth isachieved

Front 56

Anesthesia is maintained with

Back 56

inhalantor injectable anesthetic agents—adjust dose as needed

Front 57

Recovery

Back 57

period between DC of anesthetic administration and time patient has become stable (i.e. vital signs WNL)

Front 58

Surgical anesthesia

Back 58

a specific stageof general anesthesia with the goal of eliminating pain and patient movementduring the procedure

Front 59

Sedation

Back 59

druginduced CNS depression and drowsiness (various levels—dose dependent)

Front 60

Sedation affects

Back 60

cerebral cortex

Front 61

sedatives provide

Back 61

some analgesia

Front 62

Tranquilization

Back 62

druginduced state of calmness (various level—dose dependent)

Front 63

Tranquilization affects

Back 63

hypothalamus

Front 64

Tranquilizers provide

Back 64

NO analgesia

Front 65

Local anesthesia

Back 65

loss of sensation to a small, specific area of the body

Front 66

Local anesthesia is administered

Back 66

in proximal to area of interest

Front 67

Local anesthesia does not

Back 67

cause unconsciousness

Front 68

Types of local anesthesia

Back 68

injectable

topical

regional

Front 69

Topical anesthesia

Back 69

localanesthetic agent is applied directly to body surfaces or a wound (surgical ortraumatic)

Front 70

Regional anesthesia

Back 70

typeof local anesthesia that targets a larger area of the body

Front 71

Examples of regional anesthesia

Back 71

nerve blocks

epidural anesthesia

Front 72

Balanced anesthesia

Back 72

anesthesiautilizing a combination to produce a desired effect and minimize undesiredeffects

Front 73

The purpose of balanced anesthesia is

Back 73

to utilize a drug's advantages while minimizing a drug’sdisadvantages

Front 74

Balanced anesthesia is the basis

Back 74

to developing anesthetic "protocols"

Front 75

Example of balanced anesthesia

Back 75

PA

neuroleptanalgesia

Front 76

Parts of a PA

Back 76

anticholinergic

analgesic

tranquilizer

Front 77

Neuroleptanalgesia

Back 77

analgesiaproduced by a combination of an opioid (analgesic) and a sedative or atranquilizer (for calming the patient)

Front 78

ET tubes

Back 78

Endotracheal tube

Front 79

ET tube

Back 79

flexibletube placed in the trachea that delivers anesthetic gases directly from theanesthesia machine to the patient’s lungs

Front 80

An ET tube is the most

Back 80

efficient way to manage airway

Front 81

An ET tube must

Back 81

always be maintained and protected during general anesthesia

Front 82

Advantages of using an ET tube

Back 82

establishes open airway

less anatomical dead space (areas of no gas exchange)

precise administration of oxygen & inhalants

prevents pulmonary aspiration

respond to respiratory emergencies

monitors and controls respiration

no exposure of WAG (waste anesthetic gas) to personnel

Front 83

Types of ET tubes

Back 83

murphy tubes

cole tubes

Front 84

Murphy tubes

Back 84

most common ET tube

beveled endo—angle helps guide tube past arytenoids

murphy eye at distal end—allows for gas flow tocontinue if end hole becomes occluded

can be cuffed or uncuffed

Front 85

Cuff on murphy tube

Back 85

cuff creates an airtight seal against trachealwall to prevent WAG and to protect against dead space

Front 86

WAG

Back 86

Waste Air Gas

Front 87

Cole tubes

Back 87

no Murphy eye or cuff

abrupt decrease in diameter of the tube at distal end that fits into the larynx

wider end creates seal at tracheal opening

used in birds and very small pediatrics

Front 88

Materials of endotracheal tubes

Back 88

polyvinyl chloride

red rubber

silicone

Front 89

Polyvinyl chloride

Back 89

C

clear, stiffer with natural curve

Front 90

Red rubber

Back 90

D

solid in color

Front 91

Silicone

Back 91

A

expensive

flexible

Front 92

Properties of ET tubes

Back 92

size

length

Front 93

Size of ET tubes

Back 93

measured by ID

Front 94

ID of ET tubes

Back 94

internal diameter

Front 95

ET tube sizes range

Back 95

from 1 to 30 millimeters

Front 96

ET tube sizes in small animals

Back 96

2 mm - 14 mm

Front 97

ET tubes under 10 mm

Back 97

come in half sizes

Front 98

It is best to choose the ET tube that is

Back 98

the largest size trachea will accommodate so less resistance to breathing

Front 99

In order to choose the correctly sized ET tube

Back 99

palpate the trachea, use a body weight chart, or choose by the normal of the breed

Front 100

When choosing ET tubes

Back 100

choose at least 3 different sizes (more for brachycephalic breeds)

Front 101

Length of ET tubes

Back 101

standard lengths—may be cut to appropriate size

Front 102

Length of ET tubes should not

Back 102

extend past thoracic inlet (point of shoulder) on distal end

extend past muzzle on proximal end

Front 103

Length of ET tubes is marked by

Back 103

scale marks distance from patient end (centimeters)