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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anesthesia is utilized daily in most veterinary practices to (6) |
provide sedation,tranquilization, immobility, muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and pain control |
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Anesthesia risks |
several unique risks & dangers requires a high level of knowledge, competency, commitment, and acceptance of responsibility |
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Safe anesthetic agents and procedures |
“Thereare no safe anesthetic agents; there are no safe anesthetic procedures; thereare only safe anesthetists.” |
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Safe anesthesia |
always some amount of risk |
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Communicating anesthesia risks |
small amount of fear important to maintainhealthy respect and prevents complacency |
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15th century |
plant extracts used to control pain |
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1500s-1700s |
experimentation with chemical agents |
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1846 |
diethyl ether discovered as first "anesthetic" agent |
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1850s |
ether and chloroform used in veterinary anesthesia |
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Early 20th century |
inhalation anesthesia |
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1930s |
injectable barbiturates |
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1930s-now |
wide range of effective agents |
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Regulatory organizations |
progress has been madeover the past several decades to establish anesthesia as a formally recognized discipline through the foundation of several professional organizationsintended to advance the practice of anesthesia and analgesia |
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AVTA |
Academy of Veterinary Technicians in Anesthesia |
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NAVTA-CVTS |
National Association of Veterinary Technicians in America—Committee on Veterinary Technician Specialties |
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The AVTA was recognized in |
1999 by the NAVTA-CVTS |
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AVTA offers |
specialization to credentialed veterinary technicians through completion of an arduous set of requirements thatdemonstrates competency in the advanced practice of anesthesia and analgesia |
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“VTS (Anesthesia)” |
after one’s name signifies certification as a specialist |
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A complete list of the specific objectives of the AVTA may be found |
in its Mission Statement |
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Analgesia |
loss of sensitivity to pain |
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Pain |
complex phenomenon that causes physicalsuffering, distress, or discomfort which is caused by illness or injury |
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Analgesics |
something that removes pain |
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Pre-emptive analgesia |
giving an analgesic before pain occurs |
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Types of pain |
physiologic/adaptive pain pathologic/maladaptive pain inflammatoryneuropathic pain somatic painvisceral pain acute painchronic pain mild pain severe pain |
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Physiologic/adaptive pain |
a warning pain that occurs after a noxious (physically harmful or destructive) stimulus |
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Pathologic/maladaptive pain |
a response to tissue damage and is typically characterized by sharp pain or dull burning pain, with hyperalgesia or allodynia |
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exaggerated response to noxious stimulus |
hyperalgesia |
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a pain experience from a stimulus that is not normally painfu |
allodynia |
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Inflammatory |
a localized reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain because of infection, irritation, or injury |
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Neuropathic pain |
typically chronic in nature and results from nerve damage, injury, or dysfunction resulting in abnormal signals being sent to the spinal cord and higher pain centers |
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Somatic pain |
caused by injury to skin, muscle, bone, joint, and connective tissues |
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Visceral pain |
pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs) |
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Acute pain |
a type of pain that typically lasts less than 3 to 6 months, or pain that is directly related to soft tissue damage |
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Chronic pain |
any pain that lasts for more than three months |
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Mild pain |
any pain that is not strong or severe |
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Severe pain |
any extreme pain |
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Anesthesia |
absence of sensation |
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CNS |
Central Nervous System |
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Anesthesia causes |
CNS depression or stimulation |
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Anesthesia is achieved by |
administration of an anesthetic drug or agent: any drug usedto induce a loss of sensation with or without consciousness |
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Anesthesia is used for |
surgery,dentistry, grooming, diagnostic imaging, wound care, capture and transport ofwild animals |
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General anesthesia |
absence of sensation and consciousness |
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General anesthesia is |
reversibleunconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, & loss of sensationbody required for major surgery or painful procedures |
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General anesthesia is produced by |
administration of one or more anesthetic drugs |
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Anesthetic drugs |
injectable or inhalant anesthetics |
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injectable anesthetics |
IV or IM |
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inhalant anesthetics |
via mask, ET tube, or anesthetic chamber |
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inhalant anesthetics are most commonly used |
in conjunction with injectable anesthetic agents |
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PA |
Pre-anesthetic |
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4 components of general anesthesia |
PA induction maintenance recovery |
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PA |
periodimmediately preceding anesthetic induction in which pt. data collected, PAdrugs calculated and administered, equipment prepared, IVC placed, etc. |
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Induction |
processby which an animal leaves the normal conscious state and enters an unconsciousstate (anesthetized state) |
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Induction may be accomplished with |
injectableor inhalant anesthetic agents—dose to effect |
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The goal of induction |
smooth and rapid |
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Maintenance |
period following induction in which a stable level of anesthetic depth isachieved |
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Anesthesia is maintained with |
inhalantor injectable anesthetic agents—adjust dose as needed |
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Recovery |
period between DC of anesthetic administration and time patient has become stable (i.e. vital signs WNL) |
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Surgical anesthesia |
a specific stageof general anesthesia with the goal of eliminating pain and patient movementduring the procedure |
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Sedation |
druginduced CNS depression and drowsiness (various levels—dose dependent) |
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Sedation affects |
cerebral cortex |
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sedatives provide |
some analgesia |
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Tranquilization |
druginduced state of calmness (various level—dose dependent) |
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Tranquilization affects |
hypothalamus |
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Tranquilizers provide |
NO analgesia |
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Local anesthesia |
loss of sensation to a small, specific area of the body |
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Local anesthesia is administered |
in proximal to area of interest |
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Local anesthesia does not |
cause unconsciousness |
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Types of local anesthesia |
injectable topical regional |
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Topical anesthesia |
localanesthetic agent is applied directly to body surfaces or a wound (surgical ortraumatic) |
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Regional anesthesia |
typeof local anesthesia that targets a larger area of the body |
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Examples of regional anesthesia |
nerve blocks epidural anesthesia |
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Balanced anesthesia |
anesthesiautilizing a combination to produce a desired effect and minimize undesiredeffects |
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The purpose of balanced anesthesia is |
to utilize a drug's advantages while minimizing a drug’sdisadvantages |
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Balanced anesthesia is the basis |
to developing anesthetic "protocols" |
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Example of balanced anesthesia |
PA neuroleptanalgesia |
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Parts of a PA |
anticholinergic analgesic tranquilizer |
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Neuroleptanalgesia |
analgesiaproduced by a combination of an opioid (analgesic) and a sedative or atranquilizer (for calming the patient) |
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ET tubes |
Endotracheal tube |
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ET tube |
flexibletube placed in the trachea that delivers anesthetic gases directly from theanesthesia machine to the patient’s lungs |
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An ET tube is the most |
efficient way to manage airway |
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An ET tube must |
always be maintained and protected during general anesthesia |
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Advantages of using an ET tube |
establishes open airway less anatomical dead space (areas of no gas exchange) precise administration of oxygen & inhalants prevents pulmonary aspiration respond to respiratory emergencies monitors and controls respiration no exposure of WAG (waste anesthetic gas) to personnel |
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Types of ET tubes |
murphy tubes cole tubes |
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Murphy tubes |
most common ET tube beveled endo—angle helps guide tube past arytenoids murphy eye at distal end—allows for gas flow tocontinue if end hole becomes occluded can be cuffed or uncuffed |
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Cuff on murphy tube |
cuff creates an airtight seal against trachealwall to prevent WAG and to protect against dead space |
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WAG |
Waste Air Gas |
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Cole tubes |
no Murphy eye or cuff abrupt decrease in diameter of the tube at distal end that fits into the larynx wider end creates seal at tracheal opening used in birds and very small pediatrics |
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Materials of endotracheal tubes |
polyvinyl chloride red rubber silicone |
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Polyvinyl chloride |
C clear, stiffer with natural curve |
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Red rubber |
D solid in color |
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Silicone |
A expensive flexible |
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Properties of ET tubes |
size length |
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Size of ET tubes |
measured by ID |
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ID of ET tubes |
internal diameter |
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ET tube sizes range |
from 1 to 30 millimeters |
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ET tube sizes in small animals |
2 mm - 14 mm |
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ET tubes under 10 mm |
come in half sizes |
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It is best to choose the ET tube that is |
the largest size trachea will accommodate so less resistance to breathing |
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In order to choose the correctly sized ET tube |
palpate the trachea, use a body weight chart, or choose by the normal of the breed |
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When choosing ET tubes |
choose at least 3 different sizes (more for brachycephalic breeds) |
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Length of ET tubes |
standard lengths—may be cut to appropriate size |
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Length of ET tubes should not |
extend past thoracic inlet (point of shoulder) on distal end extend past muzzle on proximal end |
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Length of ET tubes is marked by |
scale marks distance from patient end (centimeters) |