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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the formula for cardiac output?
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stroke volume X heart rate
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What is the formula for blood pressure?
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cardiac output X systemic vascular resistance
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What is the most common cardiovascular problem associated with anesthesia?
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hypotension
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What is bradycardia considered to be in dogs?
cats? Horse Cows? |
< 50 - 60 bpm
< 100 bpm < 25 bpm < 40 bpm |
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What are the four causes of bradycardia in veterinary patients?
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-increase vagal tone (opiods)
-reflexive to hypertension -excess depth of anesthesia -Hypothermia, hyperkalemia |
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How do you treat bradycardia if its due to increased vagal tone or excessive depth of anesthesia?
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administer anticholinergics
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What is the treatment of bradycardia due to reflex in response to hypertension?
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treatment of hypertension, maybe need deeper anesthesia or analgesia
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What is the mechanism of action of anticholinergics?
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competitivee antagonist at muscarinic receptors
-atropine (short onset and duration) -glycopyrolate |
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What animals species are antricholenergics like atropine countraindicated in?
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horses - colic
cows - bloat |
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How is tachycardia defined in dogs? Cats?
Horses? Are the patients hypotensive or hypertensive? |
> 180
> 200 > 75 Can be either |
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What is the cause of superventricular tachycardia?
ventricular tachycardia? |
pain/stimulation
underlying health problem with the patient |
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What drugs do you used to treat tachycardia?
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beta blocker
Ca channel clocker |
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How do you treat ventricular tachycardia?
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Lidocaine then Procaninamide
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How is hypotension defined with MAP?
Systolic arterial pressure? |
<60 mmHg
<80 mmhg -this can be a problem due to reduced perfusion |
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How should you treat hypotension?
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depending on the cause you might want to lower the depth of anesthesia, increase fluids (preload) and try drugs
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What are the endogenous catecholamines/positive ianotropes?
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NE and Epi
Dopamine or Dobutamine (commonly used) |
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What receptor do we most want to affect in the treatment of hypertension?
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Beta 1 but increase heart rate and contractility
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What range of doses of dopamine do you want to use in hypotension?
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middle dose it hits Beta receptors
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When would positive ionotropes not work?
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in hypocalcemic patients like in septicemia
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What do vasopressors do?
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cause vascoconstriction which can restrict blood flow to gut and other organs
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What is the main cardiovascular effect of opiods?
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bradycardia use an anticholiergic
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What are the cardiovascular effects of benzodiazepines?
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minimum to none
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What are the main cardiovascular effects of alpha 2 agonists?
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hypertension and reflex bradycardia
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