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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some anatomic problems with anesthetizing a bird?
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epiglottis is absent
tracheal rings are complete no diaphragm inspiration and expiration is active long trachea in some species (increased dead space) |
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How do birds breathe and support ventilation?
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two breaths required for gas exchange
the have airsacs = bellows have lungs fixed dorsally |
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How many air sacs do most birds have?
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9
8 that are paired and one non paired one |
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What are implications for ventilation birds?
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they have increased anatomical dead space
anything that depresses muscle function or impairs thoracic movement decreases ventilation ventilation is possible through air sacs -birds have a small buffer against hypoxemia during apea |
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What is the physiology of the heart?
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proportionally larger heart,higher strokes volumes, cardiac output and resting MAP compared with mammals
heart rate varies by species 150-1000 pbm purkinje fibers completely penetrate endocardium through epicardium |
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What is the renal portal system of birds?
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valve withint external iliac vein at junction with efferent renal vein
epinepherine - relaxation - blood to systemic circulation Ach - contraction- blood moves from legs to perfuse renal tubules controversal significance -may effect drugs administers in caudal muscle groups avoid caudal injection of nephrotoxic drugs or drugs with high renal excretions |
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How can you restrain a bird?
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towel
gloves nets hoods (for raptors, ostriches and water fowl) |
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How do you prepare for anesthesia?
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evaluate the birds in and out of the cage
give them time to adjust |
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How do you fast a bird before anesthesia?
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determined by species, size and status
goal is to reduce regurge but minimize hypoglycemia crop contents may be aspirated do not fast animals that are 100-200g or less |
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What analgesics should not be used in birds?
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inhalants
propofol benzodiazepines |
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What drugs can you used in birds?
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opiods
NSAIDS - carprofen dissociatice anestheitcs like NMDA receptors antagonists LA can cause toxicity |
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How do you premed a bird?
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you don't always premed a bird
opiod combined with midazolam opiod is most likely butorphanol |
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Where can you give IM injections in birds?
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pectoral muscles
thigh muscles |
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What can use for induction?
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can use propofol - usually in larger birds
see respiratpry depression hypotension poor analgesia 4-10mg/kg IV used ketamine for more aggressive birds |
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What kind of inhalant can you use on birds?
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isoflurance or sevoflurane by mask induction
not chamber |
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How do you intubate a bird?
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depends on size of birds
larger birds can use commercial tubes smaller birds may have to have them tailor made do not cuff |
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What is airsac cannulation?
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being able to ventilate an bird from the caudal airsacs
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What breathing system is sued on horses?
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nonrebreathing
rapid equilibration lower resistance light weight |
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How do you determin anesthetic depth?
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muscle relaxation
response to pain palpebral and corneal response heart and respiration rate piloerections |
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how do you auscult a bird under anesthesia?
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pediatric stethoscope
esophageal stethoscope doesn't tell about perfusion |
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Where can a dopper be placed on a bird?
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tibiotarsal artery
ulnar artery |
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Can you use ECG on a bird?
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yes but fast heart rates may be difficults to assess
alligator clips might be too big for bird |
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Can you use pulse oximetry in birds?
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you can but its not often used because its not validated
same with capnography |
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Where can you get an arterial sample from birds?
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ulner artery
metatarsal artery |
