Anesthesia

Front 1

Class I

Back 1

mimal risk, no underlying diseease
ex:healthy young animals

Front 2

Class II

Back 2

slight risk, minor disease
ex:neonates and geriatrics, obesity, skin disease

Front 3

Class III

Back 3

moderate risk, obvious disease with mild clinical signs
ex: heart murmur, anemia, moderate dehydration

Front 4

Class IV

Back 4

high risk, significantly compromised by disease
ex:severe dehydration, shock, diabetes, pulmonary disease

Front 5

Class V

Back 5

extreme risk, moribund
life threatening disease or trauma
ex:advanced heart,lung,kidney disease, severe trauma

Front 6

Daily maintenance fluids

Back 6

2ml/kg/hr for large dogs
4ml/kg/hr for small dogs and cats

Front 7

Fluids during anesthesia

Back 7

5-10 ml/kg/hr

Front 8

shock fluid rates

Back 8

90ml/kg for the first hour in dogs
50ml/kg for the first hour in cats

Front 9

Balanced electrolyte solutions

Back 9

contain several electrolytes in concentrations that reflect electrolyte composition of blood
ex: LRS, lactate is broken down in liver to produce bicarbonate helpful in correcting metabolic acidosis

Front 10

Saline solutions

Back 10

contain sodium and chloride ions in water
physiologic saline is 0.9%
preferrable for patients with liver disease

Front 11

dextrose solutions

Back 11

2.5% or 5% dextrose in water or saline
used in animals with hypoglycemia of hyperkalemia
useful in neonates
should not be used as sole maintenance fluid

Front 12

colloid solutions

Back 12

contain large molecules that do not freely diffuse across membranes and therefore stay in the blood
maintain circulating blood volume and blood pressure

Front 13

synthetic colloids

Back 13

for treatment of shock and hypoproteinemia
ex: hetastarch, dextran, pentastarch

Front 14

blood substitute

Back 14

Oxyglobin
oxygen-carrying fluid derived from bovine hemoglobin
absorbs and releases oxygen in a manner similar to RBCs
used for tx of acute hemorrhage or chronic anemia

Front 15

anticholinergics

Back 15

parasympatholytics
block acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors found in heart, GI tract, bronchi,secretory glands and iris
prevents parasympathetic effects

Front 16

atropine

Back 16

anticholinergic
blocks stimulation of vagus nerve
prevents bradycardia and can increase heart rate
reduces salivation, GI activity, tear secretion
causes mydriasis and promotes bronchodilation
contraindicated with tachycardia

Front 17

glycopyrrolate

Back 17

anticholinergic
effective for 2-3 hours
less tendency to cause tachycardia and cardiac arrythmias

Front 18

phenothiazines

Back 18

sedative
antiemetic
antiarrythmic
antihistamine
peripheral vasodilator
penile prolapse
no analgesic effects

Front 19

examples of phenothiazines

Back 19

acepromazine
chlorpromazine
triflupromazine

Front 20

benzodiazepines

Back 20

exert effects through release of endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
anxiety and calming effect
skeletal muscle relaxant
anticonvulsant
minimal adverse effects
metabolized in liver

Front 21

examples of benzodiazepines

Back 21

diazepam
zolazepam
midazolam
lorazepam

Front 22

alpha-2 agonists

Back 22

stimulate alpha-2 adrenoreceptors on sympathetic nerves within brain and spinal cord causing a decrease in norepinephrine which results in sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation
can cause cardiovascular effects

Front 23

contraindications of alpha-2 agonists

Back 23

geriatric
pediatric
diabetic
pregnant
or sick

Front 24

examples of alpha-2 agonists

Back 24

xylazine
medetomidine
detomidine
romfidine

Front 25

reversals of alpha-2 agonists

Back 25

atipamezole reverses medetomidine
yohimbine reverses xylazine

Front 26

opioids

Back 26

derived from morphine
antagonize or agonize opioid receptors
cause CNS depression and analgesia

Front 27

pure opioid agonists

Back 27

stimulate all four types of receptors
ex: morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl

Front 28

mixed opioid agonist/antagonist

Back 28

block one type of receptor and stimulate another
ex: butorphanol

Front 29

pure oipiod antagonists

Back 29

block all types of receptors, reverse effects of agonists
ex: naloxone

Front 30

neuroleptanalgesia

Back 30

combination of tranquilizer and opioid agent use to achieve a state of profound sedation and analgesia
ex:ace/butorphanol

Front 31

flowmeter

Back 31

controls gas flow rate
indicates amount of oxygen or nitrous oxide being delivered to the patient

Front 32

nitrous oxide/oxygen ratio

Back 32

2:1
2L/min of nitrous oxide
1L/min of oxygen

Front 33

vaporizer

Back 33

converts liquid anesthetic to a vapor state and adds controlled amount of vaporized anesthetic to carrier gases flowing through the machine

Front 34

breating circuit

Back 34

carries anesthetic and oxygen from the vaporizer to thepatient and conveys expired gases away from the patient

Front 35

reservoir bag

Back 35

stores gas so it is easier for the patient to breathe
allows bagging of the patient

Front 36

pop-off valve

Back 36

allows excess gas to exit from the anesthetic circuit and enter scavenging system
prevents buildup of excessive pressure or volume or gases within the circuit

Front 37

carbon dioxide absorber

Back 37

soda lime or barium hydroxide lime
contain pH indicator that causes granules to change color when they are saturated with carbon dioxide

Front 38

rebreathing system

Back 38

allows recirculation of exhaled gases to the patient aftger CO2 has been removed

Front 39

total rebreathing system

Back 39

all of the gases exhaled by the patient remain in the circuit

Front 40

partial rebreathing system

Back 40

some gases exhaled by the patient remain in the circuit and some exit through the pop-off valve int the scavenger

Front 41

nonrebreathing system

Back 41

little or no exhaled gases are returned to the patient, they are evacuateed through a scavenger connected to a pop-off valve
better for smaller patients because there is little resistance to respiration

Front 42

Bain system

Back 42

nonrebreathing system consisting of inner tubing surrounded by larger corrugated tubing
inner tubing conducts fresh gas to the patient, outer tubing conducts gas away from the patient

Front 43

barbiturates

Back 43

rapid effect and recovery
cause repiratory and cardic depression
contraindicated in thin, sick animals, sight houds, liver or cardiac disease, and geriatrics
ex:thiopental, pentobarbital and phenobarbital

Front 44

cyclohexamines

Back 44

cause CNS depression
quick onset
contraindicated in head trauma, seizures, glaucoma and hypertension
ex: ketamine, tiletamine

Front 45

propofol

Back 45

extremely short acting, rapid recovery
contraindicated in hypotensive patients

Front 46

etomidate

Back 46

sedative-hypnotic imidazole
no analgesia, good muscle relaxant

Front 47

guaifenesin

Back 47

muscle relaxant
causes excitement and decreased blood pressure

Front 48

characteristics of an ideal anesthetic agent

Back 48

minimal toxicity
no unwanted side effets
minimal toxicity of waste gas
nonirritating vapor
rapid and gentle induction and recovery
anesthetic depth easily controlled and quickly altered
no dependence of liver and kidney function
good muscle relaxation
adequate postop analgesia
low cost
adequate potency to achieve surgical anesthesia
handling ease safety
no special or expensive equipment needed
no reaction with anesthetic machine components

Front 49

effect of inhalation agents on vital systems

Back 49

depress ventilation, decrease tidal volume and respiratory rate
depression cardiovascular function
increase heart sensitivity to epinephrine
CNS depression

Front 50

vapor pressure

Back 50

measure of the tendency of a molecule to escape from the liquid phase to the vapor or gas phase
agent and temperature dependent

Front 51

solubility coefficient

Back 51

measure of the distribution of inhalation agent between blood and gas phase
the lower the solubility coefficient the faster the expected induction and recovery

Front 52

minimum alveolar concentration

Back 52

lowestconcentration that produces no response in 50% of the patients exposed to painful stimulus
the lower the MAC the more potent teh agent

Front 53

halothane

Back 53

high vapor pressure, low solubility coefficient, moderate fat solubility, moderate MAC
moderate rubber solubility
somewhat unstable
sensitizes the heart to cathecholamines and increases vagal tone
associated with malignant hyperthermia
portion is metabolized by liver

Front 54

isoflurane

Back 54

high vapor pressure, low solubility coefficient, MAC is higher than halothane, no preservatives necessary, little or no analgesic effect

Front 55

stage I

Back 55

disorientation, reduced sensitivity to pain, all reflexes present

Front 56

stage II

Back 56

loss of consciousness, reflexes present and may be exaggerated, pupils dilated, PLR still present, premeds help to skip this phase

Front 57

stage III plane I

Back 57

respiratory pattern becomes regular, involuntary limb movements cease eyeballs start to rotate ventrally, pupils partially constrict, PLR is diminished, ET can be placed, other reflexes present

Front 58

stage III plane II

Back 58

medium depth of anesthesia suitable for most surgical procedures
PLR is sluggish, eyeballs central or rotated, pupils slightly dilated, respirations shallow and regular, relaxed muscle tone, diminished or absent reflexes

Front 59

stage III plane III

Back 59

deeply anesthetized, significant depression of circulation and respiration is often present, eyeballs central and pupils moderately dilatd, reflex activity absent, no jaw tone

Front 60

stage III plane IV

Back 60

rocking ventilatory pattern with abdominal muscles responsible for ventilation, decrease in effective ventilation, fully dilated pupils, absent PLR, flaccid muscle tone, obvious depresson of cardiovascular system, pale MM, prolonged CRT, danger of cardiac and respiratory arrest

Front 61

stage IV

Back 61

cessation of respiration, circulatory collapse and death

Front 62

variables to be assesed at least every 5 minutes

Back 62

respiration rate, depth and character
mucous membrane color and CRT
heart rate
pulse strength and rate
jaw tone, eye position, and palpebral reflex activity
oxygen flow rate and oxygen tank pressure
IV catheter placement and fluid administration rate
temperature

Front 63

PaO2

Back 63

oxygen partial pressure in arteries
up to 500mm Hg under anesthesia
90-115 normally

Front 64

PaCo2

Back 64

partial pressure of CO2 in the arteries
45-60 in anesthetized patient as compared to less than 45 normally, greater than 60 indicates hypoventillation

Front 65

tachycardia

Back 65

greater than 200 in cat, 180 in small dog, 160 in large dog

Front 66

bradycardia

Back 66

less than 60 in large dog, 70 in small dog, 100 in cat

Front 67

indicators of anesthetic depth

Back 67

reflex activity
muscle relaxation
heart and resp rates
pupil size
eye rotation

Front 68

palpebral reflex

Back 68

retained in stage I and II and partially in III

Front 69

swallow reflex

Back 69

lost at medium depth

Front 70

pedal reflex

Back 70

absent in maintenance period

Front 71

ear flick

Back 71

pinn reflex, useful in cats, retained into stage III

Front 72

corneal reflex

Back 72

present until stage III plane 4

Front 73

laryngeal reflex

Back 73

stimulated when larynx is touch by an object
causes laryngospasm

Front 74

muscle tone

Back 74

flaccid jaw tone indicates excessive anesthetic depth

Front 75

maintenance fluid rate for small mammals

Back 75

100ml/kg/24hr

Front 76

NSAID that can be used for preemptie analgesia in small mammals

Back 76

carprofen

Front 77

triple drip

Back 77

xylazine
ketamin
guaifenesin

Front 78

causes bradycardia and second-degree AV block in horses

Back 78

xylazine

Front 79

which jugular vein is used in horses for IV injection

Back 79

right side to prevent damage to the esophagus

Front 80

most common sedative used in cattle

Back 80

xylazine

Front 81

problems for cattle undergoing anesthesia

Back 81

bloat, regurgtation and aspiration

Front 82

sheep and goats are highly sensitive to

Back 82

xylazine
20mg/ml dilution should be used