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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is anesthesia?
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total loss of sensation in body part or in the whole body
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what is hypnosis?
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artificially induced sleep or trance resembling sleep; patient can be aroused by stimuli
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what is analgesia?
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freedom from pain or pain perception
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what is nociception?
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physiological process that results in the consious perception of pain
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what is tranquilization?
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stat of reduced anxiety and relaxation but still aware of surroundings
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what is sedation?
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state of CNS depression and drowsiness; patient consious but calm
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what is stage 1 of anesthesia?
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animal is consious but disoriented and show reduced sensitivity to pain
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what is stage 2 of anesthsia?
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loss of consiousness but reflexes present
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what is stage 3 plain 1 of anesthesia?
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eyes rotate ventrally; decreased PLR; gagging & swallowing reflexes decrease, regular respiration
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what is stage 3 plain 2?
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minor surgical procedures; PLR sluggish; breaths shallow but regular; skeletal muscle tone relaxed
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what is stage 3 plain 3?
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deep plain of anesthesia; significant depression of circulation; decreased BP & HR; reflexes absent
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what is stage 3 plain 4?
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not safe; fully dilated pupils; abdominal muscles take over breathing
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what is stage 4?
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death, circulatory collapse; cease of respiration
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how long are records of controlled substances kept?
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2 years
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how are controlled substances tracked?
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numbering the bottles, recording anount used, date, patient, and initials
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what are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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what are the 4 receptors of the sympathetic system?
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alpha-1&2; beta-1&2
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what is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system?
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acetylcholine
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how does the heart beat?
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SA node-->AV node-->bundle of his-->right and left bundle branches-->perkinje fibers
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what is the P wave on an ECG?
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atrial depolarization
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what is the QRS complex?
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ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
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what is the T wave?
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ventricular repolarization
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what is systolic BP?
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100-160 mmHG
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what is diastolic BP?
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60-100 mmHG
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what is the hilus?
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where blood, nerves, and air enters and leaves the lungs
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what is tidal volume?
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50-60ml x kg; anount of air inspired and expired during one breath
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what is minute volume?
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Tv x RR
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why is signalment important?
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breed sensitivities to anesthetics, breed precautions, age restrictions
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what is done during preanesthetic period?
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preanestetic drugs, IV catheter, PE and history
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what systems should are important to check preanesthesia?
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cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal
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what causes PCV increase?
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dehydration, polycythemia, splenic contraction
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what causes PCV decrease?
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anemia, hemorrhage, decreased production, increased destruction
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what causes increase in total plasma protein?
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dehydration, hyperglobulinemia, hemolysis, lipemia
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what proteins are found in plasma?
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albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
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what causes decrease in total protein?
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renal, GI, or hepatic disease
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what causses a increase in ALT?
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infection, endocrine dz, hepatocyte damage from drugs
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what causes an increse in alk. phos.?
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pancreatitis, drugs, hyperparathyroidism, renal dz
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increase in BUN?
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dehydration, heart failure, shock
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decrease in BUN?
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diuresis, liver failure, malnutrition
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increase in glucose?
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endocrine dz, pancreatitis, stress
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decrease in glucose?
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liver failure, starvation, leukemia
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increase in potassium?
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renal failure, leukemia
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decrease in potassium?
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cushings, renal
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what breeds are predisposed to vonWillebrands?
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dobermans and scotties
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what is normal urine SG?
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1.030-1.040
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what does an electrocardiogram measure?
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rate and rythm of heart
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ASA class 1?
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minimal risk: OVH, castration
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ASA class 2?
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slight to mild systemic distrubance: neonatal/geriatric, obese
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ASA class 3?
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moderate risk: anemia, anorexia
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ASA class 4?
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high risk: severe dehydration, shock
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ASA class 5?
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grave risk: sx performed in desperation
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why fast patient before sx?
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to avoid regurgitation and aspiration
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why are IV catheters recomended?
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rapid and easy administration of emergency drugs and fluids; antibiotics and CRI
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what are catheterization precautions?
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overhydration, embolus, infection/sepsis
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what is IV fluid rate during asesthesia?
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5-10 ml/kg/hr
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what is a crystalloid?
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provides water and electrolytes, expands the plasma compartment
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what are colloids?
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contain large mollecules that will not cross vessel barrier;
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what route are preanesthetic meds administered?
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IM & SQ
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when are preanesthetic meds adm.?
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15-20 min. prior to induction
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what is the importance of preanesthetic meds?
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decrease intensity and duration of post-procedural pain
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what are it premed classes?
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alpha-2s, opiods, phenothiazines, NSAIDs, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines
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what are the properties of Atropine?
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faster onset, short acting; 20 min onset SQ, 30sec-2 min onset IV; 60-90 min duration
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Glycopyrolate?
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slow onset, longer acting; 2-3 hr duration
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what receptors does Acetylcholine act on?
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muscarinic and nicotine
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properties of phenothiazine tranquilizers?
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no analgesia, up to 24hr duration; no boxer or epileptics; thrmoregulation
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what is the reversal agent for opioids?
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Naloxone
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what are properties of opioids?
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have inhibitory effects on neurons, pain relife and sedation,
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what are the 4 opioid receptors?
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Mu, kappa, sigma, delta
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what do agonists do?
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stimulate receptors
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what do antagonists do?
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block receptors
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what do mu receptors do?
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euphoria, sedation, analgesia, miosis
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kappa receptor?
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analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression
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sigma receptor?
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hallucination, euphoria, dysphoria
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delta receptor?
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analgesia, motor dysfunction
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opioid effects on CNS?
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excitement or depression on CNS; onset 60sec IV, 15min IM
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opioid adverse effects?
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respiratory depression, thermoregulation, bradycardia
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what opioid cannot be reversed?
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Bupernorphine
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what is neuroleptanalgesia?
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opioid + tranquilizer; animal will lie quietly but be aroused by stimulus
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Benzodiazepine properties?
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emergency drug of choise for seizures; used in combo for premeds and induction
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Diazepam properties?
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give IV, binds to plastic, light sensitive
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what category is xylazine?
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alpha-2 agonist; Yohimibine reversal agent
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alpha 2 properties?
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known as thiazine derivative; fast onset, reversable; analgesia
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what is emetic of choice in cats?
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Xylazine
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alpha 2 agonist side effects?
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cardiovascular depression; arrhythnogenic; hypetension then hypotension; behavior changes
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combination of premed drugs help decrease what?
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toxicity
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inhalant colors?
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iso-purple; sevo-yellow; N2O-blue; methoxy-green; halo-orange
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what is volatile anesthetic?
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agents with high vapor pressure that evaporate easily
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what is MAC?
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minimul alveolar concentration; alveolar concentration of anesthetic that prevent muscular movement in half the test subjects in response to pain
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what is vapor pressure?
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measure of the tendency of a molecule to escape from the liquid phase to gas phase
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what is solubility coefficient?
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blood/gas solubility determines the rate of induction, how quickly anesthetic depth can be changed; recovery time
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halothane properties?
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MAC=0.87%; no longer used in human med.;relatively safe, not good at suppressing reflex movements
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isoflurane properties?
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MAC=1.28; widely used due to safety; rapid induction and recovery; low rubber solubility; safer on heart
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sevoflurane properties?
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MAC=2.1-2.3; low vapor pressure; faster induction and recovery than ISO; 10xs cost; hypotension most common
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Methoxyflurane properties?
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MAC=0.23; most potent used; difficult to obtain; slow induction rate prolonged recoveries
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the lower the MAC?
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the higher the potency
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methoxyflurane side effects?
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respiratory depressent
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Nirrous oxide properties?
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MAC=200 in dogs, 300 in cats; not potent by itself; not commonly used; reduces amount of other agents used in combination 20-30%
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N2O side effects?
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hypoxia, insoluble in blood and fat
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how much O2 in full E cylinder?
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660 L
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function of flow meter?
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allow anesthetist to set glas flow rate, amount of O2 to be delivered to patient
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reservoir bag function?
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store gas, helps monitor respiration
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pop-off valve?
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allow gas to exit anesthetic circuit and enter the scavenger system; should be open in general
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what are 3 types of breathing system?
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total rebreathing; closed, partial rebreathing system; semi-closed, non-rebreathing; open
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circle rebreathing system
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closed or semi-closed; CO2 canister-->resivoir bag-->patient
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