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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to treat a ruminant that has regurgitated, possibly aspirated?
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drain fluid
administer O2 bronchodilators broad-spectrum abx |
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Signs of silent regurgitation in ruminant?
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cyanosis, hypoxemia, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia (or bradycardia)
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How to position a ruminant under anesthesia for optimum ventilation?
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Position on left side
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True/False. Palpebral reflex is a reliable indicator of anesthetic depth in ruminants.
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False. Not reliable in sheep and goats, Neither is globe position.
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What are some parameters that are confusing when monitoring ruminants under anesthesia?
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BP- usually very high
Esophageal motility maintained in all but deepest plane |
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What are some pre-anesthetic parameters in camelids that may differ from other ruminants?
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lower PCV
crias have low TP |
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Can ETCO2 be used to monitor PaCO2 in camelids?
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No- rapid and shallow breathers so ETCO2 is not reflective of PaCO2
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Can the eyes in camelids be used to monitor anesthetic depth?
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Ventral lid loses palpebral reflex, but no globe rotation or nystagmus.
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How long do swine need to be fasted?
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12 hours, withdraw water for 2 hours
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What premeds can be used for swine?
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ketamine < 10 minutes
diazepam or midazolam 20-30 minutes nonpainful xylazine + ketamine |
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True/False. Swine can be induced by injectable agents or mask induction.
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They can, but have low tolerance for injectables. Avoid in young or sick pigs.
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Which parameters can be used to monitor anesthetic depth in swine?
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ventral rotation of the globe
loss of palpebral HR and RR decreased |
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Which agent(s) can cause malignant hyperthermia in swine?
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inhalants, succinylcholine, ketamine
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Signs of malignant hyperthermia in swine?
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muscle rigidity, hypercarbia, blotchy cyanosis
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What are exotics prone to due to their high sympathetic drive?
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arrhythmias
hypertension hyperthermia |
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How can one evaluate the recovery rate in birds before anesthesia?
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normal respirations after 2 minutes of physical restraint should resume in less than 3-5 minutes
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How much blood can be drawn from birds?
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Not more than 10% of their blood volume.
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Should birds be fasted before anesthesia?
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< 100 g should not be fasted
larger birds 1-2 hours raptors, ratites, waterfowl overnight |
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What is one counterintuitive result of light anesthesia in avian patients?
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Bradycardia
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Which premeds can be used in birds?
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midazolam and butorphanol
small doses of xylazine |
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True/False. One does not need to fast reptiles for anesthesia.
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False. Good idea due to GI effects, even if they don't vomit.
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True/False. manually assisted ventilation is essential for birds under anesthesia.
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False. Assist with breaths 2-4 times a minute if bird is not breathing spontaneously.
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True/False. Manually assisted ventilation is essential for turtles under anesthesia.
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True. 2/minute until breathing normally
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True/False. Rabbits should be fasted before anesthesia.
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False. Do not fast, or no longer than 4 hours
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Which species laryngospasm?
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Cats
Swine Rabbits |
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Which parameter should there be particular attention to with rabbits under anesthesia?
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Blood pressure
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Which pre-med drugs cause hypotension?
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(alpha 2 agonists)
phenothiazines butyrophenones benzodiazepines |
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Which agents, injected perivascularly, can cause inflammation and necrosis?
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barbiturates
guaifenesin |
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Which premed/perianesthetic drugs should be injected slowly?
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ketamine (tachycardia)
propofol (apnea) |
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Other than decreasing anesthesia, what can be done for an animal that is too deep and hypotensive?
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add opioid to lower anesthetic dose
add positive inotrope (dopamine, a1 agonist) catecholamines in horses to prevent myositis |
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An animal under anesthesia is tachycardic. What could be going on?
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Too light
hypotension hypercarbia |
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What could cause cardiac arrhythmias under anesthesia?
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hypoxemia
excessive depth hypercarbia electrolyte imbalance aspiration |
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How would you handle VPCs under anesthesia?
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increase depth
ventilate analgesia give lidocaine IV |
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You are using barbiturates as induction agent. The ECG shows ventricular bigemini. Are you worried?
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Typically transient.
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You are anesthetizing a horse and are concerned about complications. What might you ask the owner beforehand?
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History of "tying up?"
Quarter horse descended from "impressive?" |
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Signs of malignant hyperthermia
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hypercarbia
muscle rigidity blotchy cyanosis tacnycardia hyperkalemia pronounced respiratory effort |
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Treatment for malignant hyperthermia?
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Turn off agent
dantrolene bicarb, fluids, glucose, muscle relaxants cool |
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What additional parameter should be monitored for horses under anesthesia descended from "Impressive?"
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K+ every 30 minutes
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What is the treatment for hyperkalemic periodic paralysis?
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glucose and insulin
hyperventilation and bicarb to prevent acidosis CaCl2 for bradycardia |
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Your patient is undergoing repair for a broken femur and suddenly shows increased ventilatory effort, arterial hypoxemia, and decreased ETCO2. What do you suspect has happened?
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Embolism.
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What are some causes for delayed recovery?
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hypothermia
hypoglycemia excessive drugs (opioids) anemia and hypotension air embolism |
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The parenchyma of which organs do not contain pain receptors?
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brain
lung liver |
